Eastern Penan
Punan
Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian; North Borneo; North Sarawakan
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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भाषक संख्या कल
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Language Information By Source
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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भाषक संख्या कल
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भाषक
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all
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2009
Location and Context
Malaysia; Indonesian; Brunei
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traditionally inhabit hilly areas in the interior of northeast Borneo
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latin scripts
traditionally inhabit hilly areas in the interior of northeast Borneo
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"Penan contact with other groups means they are generally exposed to a minimum of three languages beyond their own in their daily lives, and these include one or more of the following in Sarawak: Kayan, Kelabit, Kenyah, or Sa'ban (the ethnolinguistic groups located nearest to Penan); in Brunei, neighbouring groups include Dusun and Iban, with a recorded high degree of affiliation to local Iban (Sercombe 2003). Penan are inevitably primary bilinguals through acquiring a neighbouring language via informal exposure; and they are balanced bilinguals by often having a high level of second language competence. This second local language is also additive in that it is acquired without pressure and generally functions, in areas where Penan live, as a means of wider communication within the larger sub‐district speech community... When Penan children enter primary education, they are submerged in language education that takes place in either a second or foreign language(s). As stated earlier, (p.196) Penan children are taught in Malay medium in Sarawak throughout their school years. In Brunei, primary education is through Malay until year three, following which it shifts to English medium (theoretically at least, for the aforementioned subjects— Geography, History, Maths, and Science). Children are thus under pressure to be multilingual in Malay (the national language of Malaysia and Brunei) and English if they are to progress in education. Minority groups with a different first language from the national code are obliged to acquire a sufficient level of the selected medium in order to benefit from the formal education to which they are exposed, a form of transitional bilingualism which (whether deliberate or not) aims at language shift (cf. Gunn 1997; Martin 2002; and Wellen 2006)."
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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भाषक संख्या कल
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Transmission
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भाषक
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2003
Location and Context
Malaysia; Brunei
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Sarawak in Malaysia
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Sarawak in Malaysia
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Malay
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
No data
भाषक संख्या कल
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Transmission
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भाषक
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10,000 in Malaysia (2011 SIL). 55 in Brunei (2003 P. Sercombe).
2015
Location and Context
Malaysia; Brunei
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In Malaysia: "Sarawak, Apoh river district, east of Baram river." In Brunei: "Belait District, west of the Baram river."
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Latin
In Malaysia: "Sarawak, Apoh river district, east of Baram river." In Brunei: "Belait District, west of the Baram river."
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
No data
भाषक संख्या कल
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Transmission
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भाषक
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Location and Context
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4.59, 114.58
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
No data
भाषक संख्या कल
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Transmission
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भाषक
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10,000
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Data gathered by Sellato and Sercombe show ethnic populations numbers and not necessarily numbers of native speakers. A significant portion of the younger population may be speaking only Malay, so ethnic population numbers are approximate at best when referring to number of speakers.
2006
Location and Context
Malaysia; Brunei
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The Easter Penan inhabit north eastern Sarawak and the south of Brunei Darussalam. Until the early part of the 20th century they were hunter-gatherers, but most have now settled and become rice farmers. They are located in the upper reaches of the Baram river.
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The Easter Penan inhabit north eastern Sarawak and the south of Brunei Darussalam. Until the early part of the 20th century they were hunter-gatherers, but most have now settled and become rice farmers. They are located in the upper reaches of the Baram river.
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Media Resources
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- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
- "A dictionary of Eastern Penan" HRELP AbstractSercombe, Peter. 2003. ""A Dictionary of Eastern Penan" HRELP Abstract." Online: http://www.hrelp.org/grants/projects/index.php?projid=27.http://www.hrelp.org/grants/projects/index.php?projid=27
- Glottolog"Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/.http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 18th EditionLewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.http://www.ethnologue.com
- Melanau and the Languages of Central SarawakRensch, Calvin R. 2012. Melanau and the Languages of Central Sarawak. (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-011.) SIL International.http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/47763
- To Be or Not to Be: Challenges Facing Eastern Penan in BorneoPeter Sercombe. 2009. To Be or Not to Be: Challenges Facing Eastern Penan in Borneo. In Margaret Florey (ed.), Endangered Languages of Austronesia, 191-203. Oxford University Press.http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544547.001.0001/acprof-9780199544547-chapter-11
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