Overview
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Dormant

Native Speakers Worldwide

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Community Members

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Language Information By Source

California Indian Languages
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Dormant

Native Speakers Worldwide

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Domains of Use

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Transmission

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Speakers

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More about speakers

The last fluent speaker of Wintu, the Winnemem shaman Flora Jones, passed away in 2003. One partial speaker of Nomlaki is said to remain. (p. 143.)

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

USA, Claifornia

Coordinates

No data

Location description

was spoken in the upper end of the Sacramento Valley north of Cottonwood Creek, in the mountainous region to the north on the upper Sacramento River and its tributaries and to the west in the upper drainage of the Trinity River. Nomlaki to the south in the Sacramento Valley.

Government support

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Standard orthography

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Other writing systems

was spoken in the upper end of the Sacramento Valley north of Cottonwood Creek, in the mountainous region to the north on the upper Sacramento River and its tributaries and to the west in the upper drainage of the Trinity River. Nomlaki to the south in the Sacramento Valley.

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

English

Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

2

Domains of Use

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Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA, California

Coordinates

39.8637,-122.0822

Location description

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Government support

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

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More on context

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Native Speakers Worldwide

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

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Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA, California

Coordinates

39.8637,-122.0822

Location description

No data

Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

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More on writing systems

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Other languages used

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Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

5

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

2444

Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

Speaker number data: (A. Shepherd 1997). 30 Nomlaki and 15 Wintun use it in the home (2000 census). Ethnic population data: (A. Shepherd 1997).

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

USA, California

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Northern California, at the northern end of the Sacramento valley, north of Cottonwood creek, and into the mountains as far north as the headwaters of the Trinity river. Cities and towns: Redding, Hayfork, Weaverville, Trinity Center.

Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Northern California, at the northern end of the Sacramento valley, north of Cottonwood creek, and into the mountains as far north as the headwaters of the Trinity river. Cities and towns: Redding, Hayfork, Weaverville, Trinity Center.

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

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More on context

No data

Dormant

Native Speakers Worldwide

Ø

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

No known L1 speakers.

Year of info

2016

Location and Context

Countries

USA: California

Coordinates

No data

Location description

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Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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More on writing systems

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Other languages used

English

Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

1

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

"several"

Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

There are three master-apprentice partnerships

Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

USA, California

Coordinates

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Location description

Sacramento Valley; Trinity-Hayfork

Government support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Sacramento Valley; Trinity-Hayfork

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

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Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

~1

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

several

Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

At least one fluent, traditional speaker of the Wintu dialect remains, although elderly, as well as several semi-speakers.

Year of info

2008

Location and Context

Countries

USA, California

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Wintu-Nomlaki was originally spoken in the northern half of the Sacramento Valley, on the upper Sacramento River below Mt. Shasta, and in the upper drainage of the Trinity River and on Hayfork Creek in Trinity County. There were two major dialects, Nomlaki, spoken along the Sacramento River south of Red Bluff, and Wintu, spoken elsewhere in the territory. There appears to have been no significant difference between the variety of Wintu spoken in the Trinity-Hayfork area and the Sacramento Valley variety.

Government support

No data

Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Wintu-Nomlaki was originally spoken in the northern half of the Sacramento Valley, on the upper Sacramento River below Mt. Shasta, and in the upper drainage of the Trinity River and on Hayfork Creek in Trinity County. There were two major dialects, Nomlaki, spoken along the Sacramento River south of Red Bluff, and Wintu, spoken elsewhere in the territory. There appears to have been no significant difference between the variety of Wintu spoken in the Trinity-Hayfork area and the Sacramento Valley variety.

More on writing systems

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Native Speakers Worldwide

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Non-monolingual speakers

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Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

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Coordinates

41.0,-122.5

Location description

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Government support

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Script (Writing system)

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Other languages used

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

5

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

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Child speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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Year of info

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Media Resources

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  1. Wintu
    Frank R. Lapena. 1978. "Wintu." In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. 8: 324-340. Smithsonian Institution, Washington:.
  2. Wintu Dictionary
    Pitkin, Harvey. 1985. "Wintu Dictionary." University of California Press.
  3. Wintu Texts
    Shepherd, Alice. 1989. "Wintu Texts." 117: University of California Press.
  4. Coyote and Bullheads (Wintu)
    Pitkin, Harvey. 1977. "Coyote and Bullheads (Wintu)." In International Journal of American Linguistics, Native American Text Series, 2 , no. 2: 82-104.
  5. Wintu Dictionary. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
    Schlichter, Alice. 1981. "Wintu Dictionary. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages." University of California Press.
  6. Wintu Grammar
    Pitkin, Harvey. 1984. "Wintu Grammar." University of California Press.
  7. Proto-Wintun
    Shepherd, Alice. 2005. "Proto-Wintun." 137: Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  8. Wintu dictionary
    Schlichter, Alice. 1981. "Wintu Dictionary." 2: Berkeley: University of California.
  9. A Bibliography of the Wintun Family of Languages
    Pitkin, H. 1962. "A Bibliography of the Wintun Family of Languages." In International Journal of American Linguistics, 28 , no. 1: 43-54.
  10. Wintu Grammar
    Pitkin, Harvey. Wintu Grammar. PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1963.
  11. Wintu grammar
    Pitkin, Harvey. 1984. "Wintu Grammar." 94: xvii+306. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  12. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  13. The Alsea-Wintun Connection
    Golla, V. 1997. "The Alsea-Wintun Connection." In International Journal of American Linguistics, 63 , no. 1: 157-170.
  14. Nomlaki
    Goldschmidt, Walter. 1978. "Nomlaki." In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. 8: 341-349. Smithsonian Institution, Washington:.
  15. Outlines of Wintun Grammar
    Dixon, Roland B. 1909. "Outlines of Wintun Grammar." In Putnam anniversary volume: anthropological essays presented to Frederic Ward Putnam in honor of his seventieth birthday, April 16, 1909, 461-476. New York: G. E. Stechert.
  16. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  17. Endangered Languages of the United States
    Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.
  18. North America
    Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
  19. World Oral Literature Project
    "World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.
    http://www.oralliterature.org
  20. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
    Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)
    http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  21. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/
  22. North America
    Golla, Victor. 2007. "North America." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 1-96. London & New York: Routledge.