Overview
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Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

~20

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Community Members

    No members

Revitalization Programs

No programs

Discussion Forum

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Language Information By Source

California Indian Languages
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Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

~20

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

1500

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

As of 2008 there were about twenty fluent first-language speakers of Washo, all middle-aged or elderly, out of a total population of more than fifteen hundred

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Nevada, California

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Nevada, California

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

English

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

38.9226,-119.7256

Location description

Nevada, California

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Nevada, California

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10 (Unchanged 2016.)

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

"A number of children and young adults have acquired moderate L2 fluency."

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

1,500

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

(1998 J. Brook). "Several dozen fully fluent speakers" (Golla 2007).

Year of info

2015

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"California-Nevada border southeast of Lake Tahoe."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Latin

Other writing systems

"California-Nevada border southeast of Lake Tahoe."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

Several dozen

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

Many adults and children have become second-language speakers or semi-speakers. (Golla 2007:90)

Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Nevada, California

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Nevada, California

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

The Washo Tribe has a successful immersion school (kindergaten-8th grade)

Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

Several dozen

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

Several dozen fluent first-language speakers, all middle-aged or elderly, in a total population of over 1,500, divided among four small reservations in both Nevada and California.

Year of info

2008

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Spoken by members of the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, whose traditional homeland centers on Lake Tahoe in the High Sierra.

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Spoken by members of the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, whose traditional homeland centers on Lake Tahoe in the High Sierra.

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

39.25,-120.0

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers’s attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Media Resources

No resources

No resources

No resources

Filter By

No programs

  1. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  2. North America
    Golla, Victor. 2007. "North America." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 1-96. London & New York: Routledge.
  3. North America
    Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
  4. Endangered Languages of the United States
    Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.
  5. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  6. A Grammar of the Washo Language
    Jacobsen, Jr., William H. A Grammar of the Washo Language. PhD thesis, Berkeley: University of California, 1964.
  7. Beginning Washo
    Jacobsen, Jr., W. 1996. "Beginning Washo." 5: Carson City: Nevada State Museum.
  8. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada
    Kroeber, A. L. 1907. "The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada." In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 4 , no. 5: 252-317.
  9. Washoe
    d'Azevedo, Warren L. 1986. "Washoe." In Great Basin, edited by Warren L. D'azevedo. 11: 466-498. Smithsonian Institution, Washington:.
  10. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada
    Kroeber, A. L. 1907. "The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada." 4.5: 251-317. University of California Press.
  11. A Grammar of the Washo Language
    Jacobsen, William. 1964. "A Grammar of the Washo Language."
  12. Washo texts
    Lowie, Robert H. 1963. "Washo Texts." In Anthropological Linguistics, 5 , no. 6: 1-30.