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Language Information By Source

UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA
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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

<20

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

~5,000,000

Non-monolingual speakers

all

More about speakers

The official number [of the ethnic population] has fluctuated greatly depending on the ethnopolitical circumstances in the country.

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

China

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Originally scattered all over historical Manchuria, China, with small remnant groups of speakers today preserved in the Aihui region (in the middle Amur basin) and Fuyu county (in the Nonni basin) of the province of Heilongjiang, as well as, possibly, in some localities within the province of Liaoning; linguistically assimilated groups and individuals identifying themselves with the Manchu nationality are registered in all parts of China.

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Manchu script

Other writing systems

Originally scattered all over historical Manchuria, China, with small remnant groups of speakers today preserved in the Aihui region (in the middle Amur basin) and Fuyu county (in the Nonni basin) of the province of Heilongjiang, as well as, possibly, in some localities within the province of Liaoning; linguistically assimilated groups and individuals identifying themselves with the Manchu nationality are registered in all parts of China.

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Chinese

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

Degree of speakers' competence: mainly rudimentary, with some non-fluent individuals still preserving a passive knowledge of the language; the knowledge of Written Manchu is somewhat more common among educated individuals, but Chinese is the sole everyday language used for both oral and literary purposes.

Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

20

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

some

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

20

Ethnic Population

10,682,262

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

Heilongjiang Province, China

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Three remote villages in the northwest of Heilongjiang 黑龍江 Province: two south of Heihe 黑河 and one north of Qiqihar 齊齊哈爾

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Three remote villages in the northwest of Heilongjiang 黑龍江 Province: two south of Heihe 黑河 and one north of Qiqihar 齊齊哈爾

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

60

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

10,682,262

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

Data for the number of native speakers comes from A. Zhao (1999). Data for the ethnic population comes from the 2000 census.

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

China

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

49.5,127.5

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

60

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Media Resources

No resources

No resources

No resources

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  1. Mandschu-Grammatik mit Lesestücken und 23 Texttafeln
    Haenisch, Erich. 1961. "Mandschu-Grammatik Mit Lesestücken Und 23 Texttafeln." 6: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie.
  2. 瀕危語言:滿語、赫哲語共時研究 [Endangered languages a synchronic study of the Manchu and Hezhe languages]
    Zhao, Aping 趙阿平, Mengxiu Guo 郭孟秀, and Xuejuan He 何學娟. 2013. 瀕危語言:滿語、赫哲語共時研究 [Endangered languages a synchronic study of the Manchu and Hezhe languages]. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press 社會科學文獻出版社. [in Chinese]
  3. Manchu-English Online Dictionary
    Shimunek, Andrew. 2001. "Manchu-English Online Dictionary." Online: http://home.talkcity.com/IvyHall/anzhu/manchu_.
    http://home.talkcity.com/IvyHall/anzhu/manchu_dictionary.htm
  4. Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents
    Roth Li, Gertrude. 2000. "Manchu: A Textbook For Reading Documents." University of Hawai'i Press.
  5. Grammaire de la langue mandchou
    Adam, Lucien. 1873. "Grammaire De La Langue Mandchou." Maissonneuve.
  6. Man'chzhurskij jazyk
    Pashkov, B. K. 1963. "Man'chzhurskij Jazyk." Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoj Literatury.
  7. Mandschu-Grammatik
    Haenisch, Erich. 1986. "Mandschu-Grammatik." Enzyklopädie.
  8. Der Numerus im Mandschu
    Doerfer, Gerhard. 1962. "Der Numerus Im Mandschu." 4: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
  9. Manchu grammar
    Gorelova, Liliya M. 2002. "Manchu Grammar." 8.7: Brill.
  10. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  11. The phonemics and morphophonemics of Manchu
    Austin, W. 1962. "The Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Manchu." In American Studies in Altaic Linguistics, edited by N. Poppe. 13: 15-22. Indiana University Press.
  12. Manchu Grammar
    Gorelova, Liliya M. 2002. "Manchu Grammar." 7: Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  13. Manchu-Tungusic and Culture Change among Manchu-Tungusic peoples
    Whaley, Lindsay J. 2001. "Manchu-Tungusic and Culture Change Among Manchu-Tungusic Peoples." In Archaeology, language, and history: essays on culture and ethnicity, edited by John Edward Terrell. 103-124. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  14. UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA
    Juha Janhunen; Tapani Salminen. 2000. "UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA." Online: http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html
    http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html
  15. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  16. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/
  17. World Oral Literature Project
    "World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.
    http://www.oralliterature.org
  18. Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
    Moseley, Christopher. 2007. Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 1 edn. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 070071197X