Overview
Arrow pointing down
Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Community Members

    No members

Revitalization Programs

No programs

Discussion Forum

    Comments are not currently available for this post.

Language Information By Source

Sekgalagadi: dialect or language?
Arrow pointing down
Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"We have arrived at a figure of between 10,000 and 15,000, but this estimate is highly uncertain."

Year of info

1997

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

-24.337087, 22.146790

Location description

"Spoken by the Bakgalagadi, who are widely spread over much of Botswana. They live mainly in the Kgalagadi desert or on its outskirts."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

Mixed/positive

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"Spoken by the Bakgalagadi, who are widely spread over much of Botswana. They live mainly in the Kgalagadi desert or on its outskirts."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Setswana

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

"It has been reported (Vossen 1988b) that young speakers in Ngamiland tend to abandon Sekgalagadi in favour of Setswana... it may not be advisable to assume that the trend is necessarily the same in the whole country.... Still, in view of the low social position of the speakers and considerable pressure from Setswana, the language is likely to lose many speakers as time goes by. However, it is also true that the social situation, including how speakers perceive the situation of themselves and their language, may well change. This may actually be happening in this case. Solway (1994) reports that the Bakgalagadi in recent years assert themselves much more than before and show much pride in their language."

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

Yes

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Kgalagadi, Southern, Kweneng, Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

10,000-15,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

170-240 in Boteti

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

//Gana, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Herero, Kalanga, Naro, Tswana

Domains of other languages

With the chief, at the clinic, singing to oneself, church, writing

More on context

"Nothing has been published in Kgalagari, although a T-shirt with a Kgalagari proverb was recently printed and and sold in Kgalagari District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "

Media Resources

No resources

No resources

No resources

No resources

Filter By

No programs

  1. Serogenetic and haematological studies on the Kgalagadi of Botswana
    Jenkins, Trefor, J. Speirs, David S. Dunn and George Trevor Nurse. 1987. "Serogenetic and Haematological Studies On the Kgalagadi of Botswana." In Annals of human biology, 14 , no. 2: 143-153.
  2. Bericht des Hauptmanns C. von François über eine Bereisung der Kalahari
    François, Curt von. 1893. "Bericht Des Hauptmanns C. Von François Über Eine Bereisung Der Kalahari." In Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, 6: 290-295.
  3. A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana
    Sue Hasselbring, Thabiso Segatlhe and Julie Munch. 2001. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 2: 1-196. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.
  4. Settlement patterns of the Bakgalagari
    Hitchcock, Robert Karl and Alec C. Campbell. 1982. "Settlement Patterns of the Bakgalagari." In Settlement in Botswana, edited by R. Renée Hitchcock and Mary R. Smith. 148-161. Heinemann Educational Books; The Botswana Soc.
  5. On the central South African tribes from the south coast to the Zambesi
    Holub, Emil. 1881. "On the Central South African Tribes From the South Coast To the Zambesi." In Journal of the Anthropological Inst. of Great Britain and Ireland, 10: 2-20.
  6. ... = The distribution and formation processes of San-Kgalagadi mixed settlements in the Ghanzi District, Botswana
    Ikeya, Kazunobu. 1995. "... = The Distribution and Formation Processes of San-Kgalagadi Mixed Settlements in the Ghanzi District, Botswana." In Hokkaido daigaku bungakubu kiyo, 44 , no. 2: 113-128.
  7. Interaction between San and Kgalagadi in the colonial era
    Ikeya, Kazunobu. 1998. "Interaction Between San and Kgalagadi in the Colonial Era." In The proceedings of the Khoisan identities and cultural heritage conference, held at the South African Museum, Cape Town, 12-16 July 1997, edited by Andrew Bank et al.. 59-66. Infosource; Inst. of Historical Research, Univ. of Western Cape.
  8. The status, history and future of Sekgalagadi
    Janson, Tore. 1995. "The Status, History and Future of Sekgalagadi." In The complete linguist: papers in memory of Patrick J. Dickens, edited by Anthony Traill et al.. 399-406. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  9. The History of the Minority-Language Speakers in Botswana
    Tore Janson. 2000. "The History of the Minority-Language Speakers in Botswana." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 3-12. Peter Lang.
  10. S.30 Sotho-Tswana group: S.31a Tswana (Chwana), S.31b Kgatla, S.31c Ngwatu, S.31d Kxalaxadi, S.32a Pedi (North Suthu), S.33 South Sotho (Suthu)
    Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. "S.30 Sotho-Tswana Group: S.31a Tswana (Chwana), S.31b Kgatla, S.31c Ngwatu, S.31d Kxalaxadi, S.32a Pedi (North Suthu), S.33 South Sotho (Suthu)." In Comparative Bantu, v. 2: 62-63. Gregg International.
  11. Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: an African perspective
    Kent, Susan. 1996. "Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-century Foragers: An African Perspective." Cambridge Univ. Press.
  12. Hunting variability at a recently sedentary Kalahari village
    Kent, Susan. 1996. "Hunting Variability At a Recently Sedentary Kalahari Village." In Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: an African perspective, edited by Susan Kent. 125-156. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  13. Die Kgalagadi dialekte van Botswana
    Krüger, Casper J.H. and J.A. du Plessis. 1977. "Die Kgalagadi Dialekte Van Botswana." vii, 61.
  14. The kinship factor in Ngologa politics
    Kuper, Adam J. 1969. "The Kinship Factor in Ngologa Politics." In Cahiers d’études africaines, 9 , no. 34: 290-305.
  15. Kalahari village politics: an African democracy
    Kuper, Adam J. 1970. "Kalahari Village Politics: An African Democracy." Cambridge Univ. Press.
  16. The Kgalagadi in the nineteenth century
    Kuper, Adam J. 1970. "The Kgalagadi in the Nineteenth Century." In Botswana notes and records, 2: 45ff.
  17. Social aspects of Kgalagari settlement
    Kuper, Adam J. 1982. "Social Aspects of Kgalagari Settlement." In Settlement in Botswana, edited by R. Renée Hitchcock and Mary R. Smith. 258-263. Heinemann Educational Books; The Botswana Soc.
  18. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  19. Report on the Bakgalagadi settlements of Molapo and /O€we in the Central Reserve
    Cashdan, Elizabeth Ann and William J. Chasko jnr. 1976. "Report On the Bakgalagadi Settlements of Molapo and /O€we in the Central Reserve."
  20. Qhalaxarzi consonants
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1987. "Qhalaxarzi Consonants." In African studies, 46 , no. 2: 297-305.
  21. Tone in Qhalaxarzi main verb constructions
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1986. "Tone in Qhalaxarzi Main Verb Constructions." In South African journal of African languages, 6 , no. 2: 67-70.
  22. Qhalaxarzi phonology
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1986. "Qhalaxarzi Phonology."
  23. Qhalaxari verb tone classes
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1984. "Qhalaxari Verb Tone Classes." In African studies, 43 , no. 2: 109-118.
  24. A preliminary report on Kgalakgadi vowels
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1978. "A Preliminary Report On Kgalakgadi Vowels." In African studies, 37 , no. 1: 99-106.
  25. On the Central South African Tribes from the South Coast to the Zambesi
    Holub, Emil. 1881. "On the Central South African Tribes From the South Coast To the Zambesi." In Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 10: 2-20.
  26. Burial among the Koma of Western Abyssinia
    Grottanelli, V. L. 1947. "Burial Among the Koma of Western Abyssinia." In Primitive Man, 20 , no. 4: 71-84.
  27. Nach der Razzia: Ethnographie und Geschichte der Koma
    Theis, Joachim. 1995. "Nach Der Razzia: Ethnographie Und Geschichte Der Koma." 3: 243. München: Trickster.
  28. Languages in Botswana: Language Ecology in Southern Africa
    Andersson, Lars-Gunnar and Tore Janson. 1997. "Languages in Botswana: Language Ecology in Southern Africa." Longman Botswana.
  29. The Shekgalagadi Struggle for Survival: Aspects of Language Maintenance and Shift
    Stephen T. M. Lukusa. 2000. "The Shekgalagadi Struggle For Survival: Aspects of Language Maintenance and Shift." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 56-77. Peter Lang.
  30. Where are the Khoesan of Botswana?
    Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "Where Are the Khoesan of Botswana?" In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 40: 13-31. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
  31. Sekgalagadi: dialect or language?
    Andersson, Lars-Gunnar and Tore Janson. 1997. "Sekgalagadi: Dialect or Language?" In Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa, 47-56. Longman Botswana.
  32. A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana
    Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 1: 1-142. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.
  33. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/