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Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state
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Awakening

Native Speakers Worldwide

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More about speakers

"There are currently some 3,000 Klallam members in the United States, split into three western-Washington tribes. The vast majority do not speak the Klallam language, although it is being taught as a second language at a handful of schools on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, including at Port Angeles High School, [chairman of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Ron] Allen said."

Year of info

2014

Location and Context

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Government support

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other languages used

English

Domains of other languages

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

2

Domains of Use

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Transmission

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Second-language speakers and learners

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

47.8475,-122.585

Location description

Washington

Government support

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Script (Writing system)

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Washington

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Native Speakers Worldwide

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Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

47.8475,-122.585

Location description

Washington

Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Washington

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Other languages used

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Awakening

Native Speakers Worldwide

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Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

6

Semi-speakers

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Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

3,000

Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

"Last speaker died in 2014. Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 R. Allen). L2 users: 6. L2 speakers have varying fluency, number is growing."

Year of info

2015

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

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Location description

"Washington, northeast Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles."

Government support

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Institutional support

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Other writing systems

"Washington, northeast Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles."

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Other languages used

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

2

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

Hundreds

Semi-speakers

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Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

Nearly the entire community is fluent in English

More about speakers

In 2012 there were only two elders - aged 93 and 101 - who grew up speaking Klallam. Thanks to the efforts of the Klallam Language Program (KLP) there are a growing number of younger people leaning Klallam as their second language; some of them have achieved a high level of fluency.

Year of info

2012

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

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Location description

Washington

Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

Positive

Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Washington

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Other languages used

English

Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

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Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

6

Semi-speakers

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Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

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Location description

Washington

Government support

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Washington

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Dormant

Native Speakers Worldwide

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

a few, 2 at Becher Bay

Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

No fully fluent speakers remaining. There are very few first-language speakers remaining (two of them at Becher Bay), none fully fluent. The language is used in ceremonies and for tribal identity and there is considerable interest in revival.

Year of info

2008

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

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Location description

Washington

Government support

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Institutional support

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Washington

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Native Speakers Worldwide

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Ethnic Population

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Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

USA

Coordinates

48.0833333333,-123.75

Location description

Washington

Government support

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Institutional support

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Washington

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Severely Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

10

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Year of info

Location and Context

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Media Resources

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Filter By

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  1. World Oral Literature Project
    "World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.
    http://www.oralliterature.org
  2. North America
    Golla, Victor. 2007. "North America." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by C. Moseley. 1-96. London & New York: Routledge.
  3. North America
    Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
  4. Endangered Languages of the United States
    Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.
  5. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
    Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)
    http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
  6. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  7. Klallam Dictionary
    Timothy Montler. 2012. "Klallam Dictionary." Seatle: University of Washington Press.
  8. Clallam: A Preview
    Thompson, Laurence C. and Terry M. Thompson. 1973. "Clallam: A Preview." In Studies in American Indian Languages, edited by Jesse Sawyer. 65: 251-294. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  9. Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish
    Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish." In International Journal of American Linguistics, 40 , no. 3: 182-196. University of Chicago Press.
  10. Clallam: a preview
    Thompson, Laurence and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. "Clallam: a Preview." In University of California Publications in Linguistics, 65: 251-294.
  11. Clallam: A Study in Coast Salish Ethnolinguistics
    Fleisher, Mark Stewart. 1976. "Clallam: A Study in Coast Salish Ethnolinguistics."
  12. Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state
    Kaminsky, Jonathan. 2014. Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state. Reuters, Feb 6, 2014.
    http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/07/us-usa-klallam-death-idUSBREA1605W20140207
  13. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 18th Edition
    Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
    http://www.ethnologue.com