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Yaka

Also Known As

Aka; Nyoyaka; Beká; Pygmée de Mongoumba; Pygmée de la Lobaye; Pygmées de la Sanghas; Babinga; Bambenga; Binga; Beka; Mòáka;

Classification

Niger-Congo; Atlantic-Congo; Benue-Congo; Southern Bantoid

Orthography

No data

Language code (ISO 639-3)

axk

Variants & Dialects

Lingala, Sango

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Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

~30,000

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Oka! Movie Trailer

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Language Information By Source

Africa
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Africa
Aka as a contact language: Sociolinguistic and grammatical evidence
Cultural diversity among African pygmies
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
The World Atlas of Language Structures
Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

~30,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

"While population figures estimate the Aka population at 30,000 there are good reasons to believe that the language/dialect(s) as a whole is at risk of disappearing. Progressively Aka/Bayaka-speakers are leaving the confines of the forest areas and are settling in the vicinity of smaller settlements in hope of day labour or medical assistance. Often it is exactly due to the effort of 'helping' the forest populations that they are being drawn out of their original environment. Frequently the consequence of these noble efforts is destitution, illness and the loss of their language in favour of Sango, in the Central African Republic and Lingala in the Congo."

Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"Spoken in the dense forest area that forms the border between the Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"Spoken in the dense forest area that forms the border between the Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Lingala, Sango

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

~30,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

Most

More about speakers

"The generally accepted population figure for the Bayaka people is around 30,000 (Bahuchet and Thomas 1986:81, Bahuchet 1993b:81, Grimes 2000). It is very difficult to determine the exact size of the Bayaka population due to their mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The Central African government census of 1990 registered about 9,400 Bayaka in C.A.R (Recensement RCA 1988). Previously, Cavalli-Sforza had attempted a limited survey of the Bayaka of the Lobaye. He noted that only the Bayaka who happened to be near a village at the time of the census would be counted (1986:26). This same restriction would certainly hold true for the 1990 government census."

Year of info

2001

Location and Context

Countries

Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"Rain forest of Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville, between the Sangha and the Ubangi Rivers (Bahuchet and Thomas 1986:81). More precisely, the Bayaka territory reflects the land that was covered by the forest before deforestation: another 30–70 kilometers beyond the current borders of the forest (personal observation)... It is possible that part of the Bayaka population lives across the Ubangi River in the western Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire). There are Pygmies living in that region, but research still needs to be done as to their language and ethnic identity (Margaret Hill, personal communication 1997)."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"Rain forest of Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville, between the Sangha and the Ubangi Rivers (Bahuchet and Thomas 1986:81). More precisely, the Bayaka territory reflects the land that was covered by the forest before deforestation: another 30–70 kilometers beyond the current borders of the forest (personal observation)... It is possible that part of the Bayaka population lives across the Ubangi River in the western Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire). There are Pygmies living in that region, but research still needs to be done as to their language and ethnic identity (Margaret Hill, personal communication 1997)."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Sango

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

"[A] test in Sango was applied to the Bayaka of Londo village and Moali camp in 1994 with interesting results. Basically, the forest Bayaka have a higher level of Sango ability than would be expected. Their ability varies by age, gender, and contact with outsiders. "

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

30,000

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

1996

Location and Context

Countries

Congo

Coordinates

2.108899,17.069321

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

30,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

2.66666666667,16.25

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

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  1. Bantu group KK (North-Central Coñgoland), language 165: Sañga dialects of Lower Sañga, incl. Babiñga (Yadiñga), Bambû, Basinde, Basañga, Bamponde (Banpondo, Bampondo), Boñga, Mboshi, Bantomi
    Johnston, Harry Hamilton. 1919/22. "Bantu Group KK (North-Central Coñgoland), Language 165: Sañga Dialects of Lower Sañga, Incl. Babiñga (Yadiñga), Bambû, Basinde, Basañga, Bamponde (Banpondo, Bampondo), Boñga, Mboshi, Bantomi." In A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages, Clarendon Press.
  2. Changements techno-économiques et sociaux chez les pygmées Babinga (nord-Congo et sud-Centrafrique)
    Demesse, Lucien. 1978. "Changements Techno-économiques Et Sociaux Chez Les Pygmées Babinga (nord-Congo Et Sud-Centrafrique)." 2 vols: 258. Soc. des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF).
  3. Techniques et économie les pygmées Babinga
    Demesse, Lucien. 1980. "Techniques Et Économie Les Pygmées Babinga." 301. Musée de l’Homme.
  4. Quelques problèmes comparatifs de langues bantoues C10 des confins oubanguiens: le cas du mbati, du ngando et de l’aka
    Bouquiaux, Luc and Jacqueline Mauricette Christiane Thomas. 1994. "Quelques Problèmes Comparatifs De Langues Bantoues C10 Des Confins Oubanguiens: Le Cas Du Mbati, Du Ngando Et De L’aka." In Sprachen und Sprachzeugnisse in Afrika: eine Sammlung philologischer Beiträge Wilhelm J.G. Möhlig zum 60. Geburtstag zugeeignet, edited by Thomas Geider and Raimund Kastenholz. 87-106. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  5. Dictionnaire yulu, non publié
    Boyeldieu, Pascal. 1990. "Dictionnaire Yulu, Non Publié."
  6. La place des verbes composés dans un dictionnaire yulu-français
    Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2005. "La Place Des Verbes Composés Dans Un Dictionnaire Yulu-français." In Paroles nomades: ecrits d’ethnolinguistique africaine en hommage à Christian Seydou, edited by U. Baumgardt and Jean Derive. 375-392. Ed. Karthala.
  7. Compound verbs and modalities of process in Yulu (Central Sudanic)
    Pascal Boyeldieu. 2007. "Compound Verbs and Modalities of Process in Yulu (Central Sudanic)." In Advances in Nilo-Saharan linguistics: proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan linguistics colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22-25, 2001, edited by Mechthild Reh and Doris L. Payne. 25-39. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Online: http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/publications/Yulu_Vcomp_8NS.pdf.
    http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/publications/Yulu_Vcomp_8NS.pdf
  8. Les populations de la moyenne Sanga: Ponio, Boumali, Babinga, avec trente-trois figures, dix planches et deux cartes
    Bruel, Georges. 1910. "Les Populations De La Moyenne Sanga: Ponio, Boumali, Babinga, Avec Trente-trois Figures, Dix Planches Et Deux Cartes." In Revue d’ethnographie et de sociologie, 1: 3-32, 125.
  9. L’aka, langue bantoue des pygmées de Mongoumba, Centrafrique: introduction à l’étude linguistique (phonologie)
    Cloarec-Heiss, France and Jacqueline Mauricette Christiane Thomas. 1978. "L’aka, Langue Bantoue Des Pygmées De Mongoumba, Centrafrique: Introduction À L’étude Linguistique (phonologie)." 204. Soc. des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF).
  10. La révolution agricole des pygmées Aka: de la structure dans l’événement et réciproquement
    Guille-Escuret, Georges. 1998. "La Révolution Agricole Des Pygmées Aka: De La Structure Dans L’événement Et Réciproquement." In L’homme, 38 , no. 147: 105-126.
  11. Les babingas ou yadingas, peuple nain de la forêt équtoriale, région du Moyen Congo
    Douet, L. 1914. "Les Babingas Ou Yadingas, Peuple Nain De La Forêt Équtoriale, Région Du Moyen Congo." In L’ethnographie, 2: 15-32.
  12. ... = Langues des pygmées du Congo
    Gervé, Sako. 1994. "... = Langues Des Pygmées Du Congo." In ... = Afrique: problèmes du passage à la société civile (actes du VI colloque des africanistes russes, tenu à Moscou 16-18 novembre 1994), edited by A. Vassiliev. 165-167.
  13. Les pygmées babinga et leurs rapports avec les sociétés noires voisines
    Demesse, Lucien. 1974. "Les Pygmées Babinga Et Leurs Rapports Avec Les Sociétés Noires Voisines." In Annuaire de l’EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Univ. Paris-Sorbonne), , no. 1973/74(?).
  14. Bantu group SS (Kadei-Sañga-Lobai), language 224: Bayañga or Bayaka (of Niumba), Pygmies’ dialects of Upper Sañga and Lobai
    Johnston, Harry Hamilton. 1919/22. "Bantu Group SS (Kadei-Sañga-Lobai), Language 224: Bayañga or Bayaka (of Niumba), Pygmies’ Dialects of Upper Sañga and Lobai." In A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages, Clarendon Press.
  15. A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages
    Johnston, Harry Hamilton. 1919/22. "A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages." 2 vols: xi, 819, map; xii, 544. Clarendon Press.
  16. Notes on the Mbuti and Aka pygmies of Central Africa
    Hewlett, Barry [Steven]. 1977. "Notes On the Mbuti and Aka Pygmies of Central Africa."
  17. Causes of death among Aka pygmies of the Central African Republic
    Hewlett, Barry [Steven], J.M.H. van de Koppel and M. van de Koppel. 1986. "Causes of Death Among Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic." In African pygmies, edited by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. 45-63. Academic Press.
  18. Phonology and African languages
    Kelly, John. 1974. "Phonology and African Languages." In African language studies, 15: 97-110.
  19. People of the western equatorial rainforest: a history of society and economy, from c.3000 BC to 1890
    Klieman, Kairn Anne. 1997. "People of the Western Equatorial Rainforest: a History of Society and Economy, From C.3000 BC To 1890."
  20. ‘The Pygmies were our compass’: Bantu and Batwa in the history of West Central Africa, early times to c.1900 C.E.
    Klieman, Kairn Anne. 2003. "‘The Pygmies Were Our Compass’: Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times To C.1900 C.E." xxxiv, 253. Heinemann.
  21. Depressor consonants and rising tones in Yaka (C10)
    Kutsch Lojenga, Connie [Constance]. 1998. "Depressor Consonants and Rising Tones in Yaka (C10)."
  22. The noun class system of Yaka (C.10)
    Kutsch Lojenga, Connie [Constance]. 2003. "The Noun Class System of Yaka (C.10)."
  23. A grammar of Yakkha
  24. Les Babinga
    Haüser, A. 1953. "Les Babinga." In Zaïre, 7 , no. 2: 147-179.
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  26. Africa
    Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. and F. K. Erhard Voeltz. 2007. "Africa." In Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, edited by Christopher Moseley. Routledge.
  27. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  28. Aka as a contact language: Sociolinguistic and grammatical evidence
    Daniel Duke. Aka As a Contact Language: Sociolinguistic and Grammatical Evidence. Master thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2001.
  29. Cultural diversity among African pygmies
    Barry Hewlett. 1996. "Cultural Diversity Among African Pygmies." In Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: an African perspective, edited by Susan Kent. 215-244. Cambridge University Press.
  30. Dans la Forêt d'Afrique Centrale: Les Pygmées Aka et Baka
    Bahuchet, Serge. 1992. "Dans La Forêt D'Afrique Centrale: Les Pygmées Aka Et Baka." 1: PEETERS.
  31. Linguistique et Histoire des Pygmées de l'Ouest du Bassin Congolais
    Bahuchet, Serge and J. M. C. Thomas. 1986. "Linguistique Et Histoire Des Pygmées De L'Ouest Du Bassin Congolais." In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 7 , no. 2: 63-103.
  32. Contribution à l'histoire ancienne des Pygmées: l'exemple des Aka
    2004. "Contribution À L'histoire Ancienne Des Pygmées: L'exemple Des Aka." Paris: L'Harmattan.
  33. Les Babingas ou Yadingas: Peuple nain de la Forêt Équatoriale (Région du Moyen Congo)
    Douet, M. L. 1914. "Les Babingas Ou Yadingas: Peuple Nain De La Forêt Équatoriale (Région Du Moyen Congo)." In L'Éthnographie, N.S., 2: 15-32.
  34. Les Babinga de Mékambo (Gabon): Étude anthropologique
    Fleuriot, A. 1942. "Les Babinga De Mékambo (Gabon): Étude Anthropologique." In Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 3 , no. 1: 101-110.
  35. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  36. Basuku et Bayaka des districts Kwango et Kwilu au Congo
    Lamal, F. 1965. "Basuku Et Bayaka Des Districts Kwango Et Kwilu Au Congo." 56: Belgique: Tervuren.
  37. De Bambenga-Pygmoiden in Ubangi
    Mortier, Rudolf. 1936-1937. "De Bambenga-Pygmoiden in Ubangi." In Kongo-Overzee, 3: 245-251.
  38. Classificate der talen van Ubangi
    Mortier, Rodolf. 1941. "Classificate Der Talen Van Ubangi." In Aequatoria, 4: 1-8.
  39. Éléments de Grammaire Yaka: Phonologie et Morphologie Flexionelle
    Karel van Den Eynde. 1968. "Éléments De Grammaire Yaka: Phonologie Et Morphologie Flexionelle." 48: Publications Universitaires, Université Lovanium.
  40. Pygmées de Centrafrique: études ethnologiques, historiques et linguistiques sur les “Ba.Mbenga” (aka/baka) du nord-ouest du bassin congolais
    Bahuchet, Serge. 1979. "Pygmées De Centrafrique: Études Ethnologiques, Historiques Et Linguistiques Sur Les “Ba.Mbenga” (aka/baka) Du Nord-ouest Du Bassin Congolais."
  41. Les pygmées Aka et la forêt centrafricaine: éthnologie écologique
    Bahuchet, Serge. 1985. "Les Pygmées Aka Et La Forêt Centrafricaine: Éthnologie Écologique." 640. Soc. des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
  42. Les pygmées Aka et Baka: contribution de l’ethnolinguistique a l’histoire des populations forestières d’Afrique centrale
    Bahuchet, Serge. 1989. "Les Pygmées Aka Et Baka: Contribution De L’ethnolinguistique a L’histoire Des Populations Forestières D’Afrique Centrale."
  43. Relations entre chasseurs-collecteurs pygmées et agriculteurs de la forêt du nord-ouest du bassin congolais
    Bahuchet, Serge and H. Guillaume. 1979. "Relations Entre Chasseurs-collecteurs Pygmées Et Agriculteurs De La Forêt Du Nord-ouest Du Bassin Congolais." In Pygmées de Centrafrique: études ethnologiques, historiques et linguistiques sur les “Ba.Mbenga” (aka/baka) du nord-ouest du bassin congolais, edited by Serge Bahuchet. 109-139.
  44. Aka-farmer relations in the northwest Congo basin
    Bahuchet, Serge and H. Guillaume. 1982. "Aka-farmer Relations in the Northwest Congo Basin." In Politics and history in band societies, edited by Eleanor B. Leacock and Richard B. Lee. 189-211. Cambridge Univ. Press; Ed. de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
  45. Contribution à l’histoire ancienne des pygmées: l’exemple des aka
    Bissengué, Victor. 2004. "Contribution À L’histoire Ancienne Des Pygmées: L’exemple Des Aka." L’Harmattan.
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