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Language Information By Source

The twelve modern Khoisan languages
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Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

60,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"Estimates for numbers of speakers range from 90000 to 30000. The 'Atlasi ya Lugha za Tanzania' published by the University of Dar es Salaam in 2009 is somewhere in the middle, with a total of 65935 Sandawe speakers."

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

Central Tanzania

Coordinates

-5.342583, 35.562744

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

~40,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

40,000

Non-monolingual speakers

Most

More about speakers

"We estimate that there are approximately 40,000 Sandawe. A figure of between 70,000 and 90,000 has also been suggested (Wright et al. 1995:1)."

Year of info

2008

Location and Context

Countries

Tanzania

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"The Sandawe people live north of Dodoma in the Kondoa District of central Tanzania. The area populated by the Sandawe is about 50 km in diameter from north to south and from east to west. In addition, a relatively large group of Sandawe lives on the outskirts of Arusha."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"The Sandawe people live north of Dodoma in the Kondoa District of central Tanzania. The area populated by the Sandawe is about 50 km in diameter from north to south and from east to west. In addition, a relatively large group of Sandawe lives on the outskirts of Arusha."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Swahili

Domains of other languages

School; with non-Sandawe

More on context

"Interaction often takes place between the Sandawe and the other ethnic groups living among them, though conversation is normally carried out in Swahili. Some people from other ethnic backgrounds report being able to understand Sandawe, but the language is rarely spoken by non-Sandawe. ... Along the main road through the area where the Sandawe people live (Dodoma – Kwa Mtoro – Singida), most Sandawe also speak Swahili, although the level of proficiency has not been determined. Some of the older people have a very limited understanding of Swahili and do not speak it. In the more remote areas, we have even met teenagers who do not know Swahili. Children attending school, however, are required to learn Swahili and teaching is in Swahili."

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

40,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"Children are still using Sandawe at the moment, and all believed that they would continue to do so in the future"

Year of info

2007

Location and Context

Countries

Kondoa district of central Tanzania

Coordinates

-5.219511, 35.426788

Location description

"Taking the village of Kwa Mtoro as the geographical centre of the Sandawe-speaking area, there are three main groups of Sandawe villages, which cluster along three of the four roads leading out of Kwa Mtoro."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"Taking the village of Kwa Mtoro as the geographical centre of the Sandawe-speaking area, there are three main groups of Sandawe villages, which cluster along three of the four roads leading out of Kwa Mtoro."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

40,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

Most

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

Kondoa district of central Tanzania

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Swahili

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

"Most Sandawe also speak Swahili [conversational fluency]"

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

40,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

~25,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"...etwa 25.000 Sprecher."

Year of info

1983

Location and Context

Countries

Tanzania

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Central Tanzania

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Central Tanzania

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

-5.0,35.0

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Media Resources

No resources

No resources

No resources

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  1. Word order and focus in the Sandawe irrealis
    Eaton, Helen Catherine. 2001. "Word Order and Focus in the Sandawe Irrealis." In Reading working papers in linguistics, 5: 113-135.
  2. Sandawe stems
    Edward Derek Elderkin. 1998. "Sandawe Stems." In Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan, edited by Mathias Schladt. 15: 13-33. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  3. Predictable nasality before East African clicks
    Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1992. "Predictable Nasality Before East African Clicks." In Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP), 29: 111-129.
  4. Clause structure and tone in Sandawe
    Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1991. "Clause Structure and Tone in Sandawe." In York papers in linguistics, 15: 93-115.
  5. The significance and origin of the use of pitch in Sandawe
    Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1989. "The Significance and Origin of the Use of Pitch in Sandawe."
  6. Diachronic inferences from basic sentence and noun structure in central Khoisan and Sandawe
    Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1986. "Diachronic Inferences From Basic Sentence and Noun Structure in Central Khoisan and Sandawe." In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), 7 , no. 2: 131-156.
  7. Tanzanian and Ugandan isolates
    Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1983. "Tanzanian and Ugandan Isolates." In Nilotic studies: proceedings of the international symposium on languages and history of the Nilotic peoples, Cologne, January 4-6, 1982, edited by Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst. v. 2: 499-521. Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
  8. Proposals on Khoisan reconstruction
    Ehret, Christopher. 1986. "Proposals On Khoisan Reconstruction." In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), 7 , no. 2: 105-130.
  9. Ethiopians and East Africans: the problem of contacts
    Ehret, Christopher. 1974. "Ethiopians and East Africans: the Problem of Contacts." 95. East African Publ. House.
  10. Object marking and aspect in Sandawe
    Eaton, Helen Catherine. 2009. "Object Marking and Aspect in Sandawe." In Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, January 8-12, 2006, Riezlern/Kleinwalsertal, edited by Sonja Ermisch. 67-86. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  11. Focus as a key to the grammar of Sandawe
    Eaton, Helen Catherine. 2005. "Focus As a Key To the Grammar of Sandawe." In Occasional papers in linguistics (OPiL), 1: 9-37.
  12. The grammar of focus in Sandawe
    Eaton, Helen Catherine. 2002. "The Grammar of Focus in Sandawe."
  13. Microtaxonomy: language and blood groups in the African Horn
    Fleming, Harold C. 1979. "Microtaxonomy: Language and Blood Groups in the African Horn." In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Ethiopian studies, session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA, edited by Richard Samuel Hess. 25-49. Univ. of Illinois Press.
  14. Maandishi ya lugha ya Kisandawe: historia yake = The literature of Sandawe: its history
    Duma, Pius Ludoviki. 19xx. "Maandishi Ya Lugha Ya Kisandawe: Historia Yake = The Literature of Sandawe: Its History."
  15. Das grammatische Geschlecht im Nama und Sandawe
    Drexel, Albert. 1929/30. "Das Grammatische Geschlecht Im Nama Und Sandawe." In Bibl. africana, 3: 51-58.
  16. Gliederung der afrikanischen Sprachen [pt. 1]
    Drexel, Albert. 1921/22. "Gliederung Der Afrikanischen Sprachen [pt. 1]." In Anthropos, 16/17: 72-108, map.
  17. Phonological phrasing in Sandawe
    Dobashi, Yoshihito. 2004. "Phonological Phrasing in Sandawe." In Proceedings of the 4th world congress of African linguistics, New Brunswick 2003, edited by Akinbiyi M. Akinlabí and Oluseye Adesola. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  18. Downstep and phonological phrasing in Sandawe
    Dobashi, Yoshihito. 2002. "Downstep and Phonological Phrasing in Sandawe." In Working papers from Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, 14: (?).
  19. Agrement and word order in Sandawe
    Dobashi, Yoshihito. 2001. "Agrement and Word Order in Sandawe." In Cornell working papers in linguistics, 18: (?).
  20. Africa’s verb-final languages
    Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. 2007. "Africa’s Verb-final Languages." In A linguistic geography of Africa, edited by Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  21. Der Zug nach Sonjo
    Haas, Rudolf de. 1927. "Der Zug Nach Sonjo." In Im Sattel für Deutsch-Ost: auf Wildpfad und Feindesfährten, Karl Winckler/Brunnen Verlag.
  22. Linguistic survey of the northern Bantu borderland
    Guthrie, Malcolm and Archibald Norman Tucker. 1956. "Linguistic Survey of the Northern Bantu Borderland." v. 1: Oxford Univ. Press; International African Inst. (IAI).
  23. A tribal map of Tanganyika
    Gulliver, Pamela. 1959. "A Tribal Map of Tanganyika." In Tanganyika notes and records, 52: 61-74.
  24. Native plant names [Latin, Kisukuma, Kinyamwezi, Kinyaramba, Kinyaturu, Kirangi, Kitaturu, Kimassai, Kisandawe, Kigogo]
    Cory, Hans [Koritschoner]. 19xx. "Native Plant Names [Latin, Kisukuma, Kinyamwezi, Kinyaramba, Kinyaturu, Kirangi, Kitaturu, Kimassai, Kisandawe, Kigogo]."
  25. Vernacular names of East African mammals [edited by C.F.M. Swynnerton]
    Jackson, C.H.N. 1936. "Vernacular Names of East African Mammals [edited By C.F.M. Swynnerton]." In Transactions of the Royal Entomological Soc. of London, 84: 547-552.
  26. Sandawe
  27. Felsmalereien in Innerafrika (Ein Bilderwerk geschichtlicher und vorgeschichtlicher Kunst)
    Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig and Margit Kohl-Larsen. 1938. "Felsmalereien in Innerafrika (Ein Bilderwerk Geschichtlicher Und Vorgeschichtlicher Kunst)." Strecker & Schröder.
  28. Auf den Spuren des Vormenschen: Forschungen, Fahrten und Erlebnisse ind Deutsch-Ostafrika (Deutsche Afrika-Expedition 1934-1936 und 1937-1939)
    Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. 1943. "Auf Den Spuren Des Vormenschen: Forschungen, Fahrten Und Erlebnisse Ind Deutsch-Ostafrika (Deutsche Afrika-Expedition 1934-1936 Und 1937-1939)." 2 Bde: Strecker & Schröder.
  29. Bericht über meine Forschungen in Deutsch-Ostafrika (Afrikaexpedition 1934-1936 und 1937-1939) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fundstätten fossiler Menschenreste (mit Lichtbilder)
    Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. 1939. "Bericht Über Meine Forschungen in Deutsch-Ostafrika (Afrikaexpedition 1934-1936 Und 1937-1939) Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung Der Fundstätten Fossiler Menschenreste (mit Lichtbilder)." In Zeits. für Ethnologie, 71: 417-424.
  30. Neuere Ergebnisse und Hypothesen der Sprachforschung in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte Afrikas
    Köhler, Oswin Reinhold Albin. 1973/74. "Neuere Ergebnisse Und Hypothesen Der Sprachforschung in Ihrer Bedeutung Für Die Geschichte Afrikas." In Paideuma: Mitt. zur Kulturkunde, 19/20: 162-199.
  31. Essai de grammaire et vocabulaire de la langue Sandawe
    Kimmenade, Martin van de. 1954. "Essai De Grammaire Et Vocabulaire De La Langue Sandawe." 120. Anthropos-Inst.
  32. Les sandawe (territoire du Tanganyika, Afrique)
    Kimmenade, Martin van de. 1936. "Les Sandawe (territoire Du Tanganyika, Afrique)." In Anthropos, 31: 395-416.
  33. Martin van de Kimmenades Grammatik und Vokabular der Sandawe-Sprache
    Kähler-Meyer, Emmi. 1954. "Martin Van De Kimmenades Grammatik Und Vokabular Der Sandawe-Sprache." In Anthropos, 49 , no. 1/2: 290-294.
  34. Sandawe-go no shinkou hyougen de no go no gruupu ni tsuite: syukaku setsuji no kousetsu ni kanshite = A word group in the progressive expression of the Sandawe language: concerning the suffixation of a subject marker
    Kagaya, Ryohei. 1994. "Sandawe-go No Shinkou Hyougen De No Go No Gruupu Ni Tsuite: Syukaku Setsuji No Kousetsu Ni Kanshite = A Word Group in the Progressive Expression of the Sandawe Language: Concerning the Suffixation of a Subject Marker." In Journal of Asian and African studies / Ajia Afuriku gengo bunka kenkyu, 46/47: 175-187.
  35. Jiyuu gojun gengo deno gojun seegen: Sandawe-go no baai = Restriction on word order in a free word order language: the case of the Sandawe language
    Kagaya, Ryohei. 1990. "Jiyuu Gojun Gengo Deno Gojun Seegen: Sandawe-go No Baai = Restriction On Word Order in a Free Word Order Language: the Case of the Sandawe Language." In Journal of Asian and African studies / Ajia Afuriku gengo bunka kenkyu, 40: 1-12.
  36. The long path: a case study of social change in Wahi, Singida District, Tanzania
    Jellicoe, Marguerite. 1978. "The Long Path: a Case Study of Social Change in Wahi, Singida District, Tanzania." East African Publ. House.
  37. Notes on the phonetics of Sandawe
    Copland, B.D. 1938. "Notes On the Phonetics of Sandawe." In Le maître phonétique, 53: 60-64.
  38. A Sandawe climbing rope
    Hunter, G. 1952. "A Sandawe Climbing Rope." In Tanganyika notes and records, 33: 93.
  39. Phonetic correspondences among Khoisan affricates
    Honken, Henry. 1988. "Phonetic Correspondences Among Khoisan Affricates." In New perspectives on the study of Khoisan, edited by Rainer Vossen. 47-65. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  40. Die Völker Afrikas
    Hirschberg, Walter. 1954. "Die Völker Afrikas." In Die neue grosse Völkerkunde, edited by Hugo Adolf Bernatzik. Bd 1: 279-564. Herkul.
  41. Gibt es eine Buschmannkultur?
    Hirschberg, Walter. 1933. "Gibt Es Eine Buschmannkultur?" In Zeits. für Ethnologie, 65: 119-136.
  42. A point of Sandawe law
    Hamp, E.P. 1962. "A Point of Sandawe Law." In Journal of African languages, 1: (?).
  43. Musical form in Sandawe góu and kerem’ta songs
    Godsey, Larry Dennis. 1975. "Musical Form in Sandawe Góu and Kerem’ta Songs."
  44. Some rock paintings of western USandawe
    Fozzard, P.M.H. 1966. "Some Rock Paintings of Western USandawe." In Tanzania notes and records, 65: 57-62.
  45. Some rock paintings in south and south-west Kondoa-Irangi District, Central Province
    Fozzard, P.M.H. 1959. "Some Rock Paintings in South and South-west Kondoa-Irangi District, Central Province." In Tanganyika notes and records, 52: 94-110.
  46. Tanganyika rock paintings
    Fosbrooke, Henry Albert, P. Ginner, Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey and Jane Fosbrooke. 1950. "Tanganyika Rock Paintings." In Tanganyika notes and records, 29: 1-61.
  47. Hadza and Sandawe genetic relations
    Fleming, Harold C. 1986. "Hadza and Sandawe Genetic Relations." In Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika (SUGIA), 7 , no. 2: 157-188.
  48. Information structure marking in Sandawe texts
    Eaton, Helen Catherine. 2010. "Information Structure Marking in Sandawe Texts." In The expression of information structure: a documentation of its diversity across Africa, edited by Ines Fiedler and Anne Schwarz. 1-34. John Benjamins Publ.
  49. Evaluating Claims of Distant Relationship
    Sands, Bonny. Evaluating Claims of Distant Relationship. PhD thesis, Los Angeles: University of California, 1995.
  50. The Languages of Tanzania
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  51. Die Schnalzsprachen
    Planert, W. 1926. "Die Schnalzsprachen." In Bibliotheca Africana, II: 296-315.
  52. Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?
    Roger Blench. 1999. "Are the African Pygmies An Ethnographic Fiction?" In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by Karen Biesboruck et al. 41-60. Netherlands: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Universiteit Leiden.
  53. The Linguistic Situation of Tanzania
    Batibo, Herman M. 2000. "The Linguistic Situation of Tanzania." In Lugha za Tanzania/Languages of Tanzania: a study dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. C. Maganga, edited by K. K. Kahigi et al.. 89: 5-18. Leiden: CNWS.
  54. The Alagwa: a northern intrusion in a Tanzanian Khoi-San culture, as testified through Sandawe oral tradition
    Eric Ten Raa. 1986. "The Alagwa: a Northern Intrusion in a Tanzanian Khoi-San Culture, As Testified Through Sandawe Oral Tradition." In Contemporary studies on Khoisan: in honour of Oswin Köhler on the occasion of his 75th birthday, edited by Rainer Vossen and Klaus Keuthmann. v. 2: 271-299. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  55. Kxoe tone and Kxoe ‘jonctures’
    Edward Derek Elderkin. 1986. "Kxoe Tone and Kxoe ‘jonctures’." In Contemporary studies on Khoisan: in honour of Oswin Köhler on the occasion of his 75th birthday, edited by Rainer Vossen and Klaus Keuthmann. v. 1: 225-235. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  56. The linguistic relationship between Hadza and Khoisan
    Bonny Sands. 1998. "The Linguistic Relationship Between Hadza and Khoisan." In Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan, edited by Mathias Schladt. 15: 266-283. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  57. Lexikon der Afrikanistik: afrikanische Sprachen und ihre Erforschung
    Herrmann Jungraithmayr and Wilhelm Johann Georg Möhlig. 1983. "Lexikon Der Afrikanistik: Afrikanische Sprachen Und Ihre Erforschung." 351, 3 maps. Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
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    Tucker, Archibald N. and Margaret A. Bryan. 1956. "The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa." III: Oxford University Press.
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  74. Subject identification strategies and free word order in Sandawe
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  76. The linguistic situation of Tanzania
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