Overview
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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

~125

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Community Members

    No members

Revitalization Programs

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Language Information By Source

North America
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Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

~125

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

The principal surviving Sahaptin communities are on the Warm Springs Reservation in northern Oregon (about 50 speakers of Tenino); on the Umatilla Reservation in northeastern Oregon, near Pendleton (25 to 50 speakers of Umatilla and Walla Walla); and at Toppenish on the Yakima Reservation in south central Washington (about 25 fluent speakers and a larger number of less-fluent speakers of Yakima). There is also a small Wanapam-speaking community near Priest Rapids Dam on the Columbia River. A scattering of Sahaptin speakers can also be found among speakers of Okanagan and Nez Perce on the Colville Reservation in northeastern Washington.

Year of info

2008

Location and Context

Countries

USA, Oregon, Washington

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Sahaptin: marked dialectal diversity spoken along the Columbia River and adjacent Plateau in eastern Oregon and Washington. Southern Sahaptin (or “River”) varieties were originally spoken along the Columbia River from the Dalles to the Umatilla River, and included Tenino, Wayam, and Umatilla. Northwest Sahaptin varieties were spoken in the Yakima River drainage and included Klickitat, Taitnapam, Upper Nisqually, Yakima, and Kittitas. Northeast Sahaptin varieties were spoken on the Columbia River above Southern Sahaptin and along the lower Snake River, and included Walla Walla, Wanapam, and Palouse.

Government support

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Standard orthography

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Other writing systems

Sahaptin: marked dialectal diversity spoken along the Columbia River and adjacent Plateau in eastern Oregon and Washington. Southern Sahaptin (or “River”) varieties were originally spoken along the Columbia River from the Dalles to the Umatilla River, and included Tenino, Wayam, and Umatilla. Northwest Sahaptin varieties were spoken in the Yakima River drainage and included Klickitat, Taitnapam, Upper Nisqually, Yakima, and Kittitas. Northeast Sahaptin varieties were spoken on the Columbia River above Southern Sahaptin and along the lower Snake River, and included Walla Walla, Wanapam, and Palouse.

More on writing systems

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Other languages used

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Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Native Speakers Worldwide

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Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

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Semi-speakers

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Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

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Year of info

2010

Location and Context

Countries

USA, Oregon, Washington

Coordinates

44.7712,-121.2871

Location description

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Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

125?

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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More about speakers

Tenino [tqn]: 50 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL).; Umatilla [uma]: 25 (Golla 2007). 25–50 Umatilla and Walla Walla [waa] speakers together. Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL); Walla Walla [waa]: 25 (Golla 2007). 25–50 Walla Walla and Umatilla [uma] speakers together (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 700 (1977 SIL); Yakama [yak]: 25 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000 (1977 SIL).

Year of info

2013

Location and Context

Countries

USA, Oregon, Washington

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Tenino [tqn]: Oregon, Warm Springs Reservation. Umatilla [uma]: Northeast Oregon; Umatilla Reservation. Walla Walla [waa]: Oregon, Umatilla Reservation. Yakama [yak]: South central Washington State, Yakima Reservation, Toppenish.

Government support

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Tenino [tqn]: Oregon, Warm Springs Reservation. Umatilla [uma]: Northeast Oregon; Umatilla Reservation. Walla Walla [waa]: Oregon, Umatilla Reservation. Yakama [yak]: South central Washington State, Yakima Reservation, Toppenish.

More on writing systems

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Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

46.5,-120.0

Location description

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Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

100

Domains of Use

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Speaker Number Trends

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Transmission

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Media Resources

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  1. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  2. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/
  3. World Oral Literature Project
    "World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.
    http://www.oralliterature.org
  4. Endangered Languages of the United States
    Christopher Rogers, Naomi Palosaari and Lyle Campbell. 2010. "Endangered Languages of the United States." In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing, edited by Christopher Moseley. 108-130. UNESCO.
  5. North America
    Victor Golla, Ives Goddard, Lyle Campbell, Marianne Mithun and Mauricio Mixco. 2008. "North America." In Atlas of the World's Languages, edited by Chris Moseley and Ron Asher. 7-41. Routledge.
  6. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  7. A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar
    Jacobs, Melville. 1931. "A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar." In University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, 4 , no. 2: 85-292.
  8. A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar
    Jacobs, Melville. 1931. "A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar." In University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, 4 , no. 2: 85-292.