Torwali
Torwālī; Turvali; Dardu
Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone
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Urdu; Pashto
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many
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2001
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Pakistan
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The Torwali people live in the Swat Valley of the North West Frontier Province in norther Pakistan. The speakers of the Bahrain dialect live along the Swat River, from Madyan northward 20-25 miles to the village of Asret, south of Peshmal while the speakers of the Chail dialect is spoken in two villages about 3-5 miles east east of Madyan (p.2-3).
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Torwali speakers are very proud of their language and culture. (p. 4)
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The Torwali people live in the Swat Valley of the North West Frontier Province in norther Pakistan. The speakers of the Bahrain dialect live along the Swat River, from Madyan northward 20-25 miles to the village of Asret, south of Peshmal while the speakers of the Chail dialect is spoken in two villages about 3-5 miles east east of Madyan (p.2-3).
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Urdu; Pashto
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Urdu is the national language and medium for instruction whereas Pashto is the lingua franca of the province. The frequency of incorporating Urdu terms for produce and numbers is increasing. Arabic words are borrowed for religion. English words such as hotel, taxi, etc. are also borrowed into Torwali.
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2010
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35.5833,72.5
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1994
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part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
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part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
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The eastern subgroup includes Kashmiri in the Kashmir valley; Shina in the districts of Gilgit and Tangir, north of Kashmir; Phalura (or Palola) and the closely related Sawi; and a number of languages and dialects sometimes referred to generally as Kōhestānī (lit., “of the mountains”) in the Indus, Swat, and Panjkora basins: Maiyan (so called by native speakers but Kōhestānī by others) with the Kanywali dialect, Torwali, and Bashkarik (or Diri, known in another dialect variant as Garwi).
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2003
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Pakistan
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the Swat valley north of Madyan and in the Chail side valley
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the Swat valley north of Madyan and in the Chail side valley
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2009
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Pakistan
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Swat Kohistan, both sides of Swat River, beyond Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal and Peshmal); Chail Valley east of Madyan
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Swat Kohistan, both sides of Swat River, beyond Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal and Peshmal); Chail Valley east of Madyan
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Pashto; Urdu
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35.302906, 72.539572
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2006
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Since Urdu became the national language of Pakistan in 1947 and increasingly functions as the country’s lingua franca, it has replaced Persian as a compulsory language in the curriculum. From the 1980s the presence of Persian in the educational system became negligible. Despite this, a significant influx of additional Perso-Arabic words has entered the lexicons of all the languages of Pakistan through Urdu.
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2006
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2005
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34.25,72.0
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- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
- World Oral Literature Project"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.http://www.oralliterature.org
- Atlas of the World’s Languages in DangerMoseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
- Glottolog"Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/.http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/
- Dardestān ii. LanguageD.I. Edel'man. 1994. "Dardestān Ii. Language." In Encyclopedia Iranica, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i.http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i
- Indo-iranian Frontier LanguagesElena Bashir. 2006. "Indo-iranian Frontier Languages." In Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-iranian-frontier-languages-and-the-influence-of-persian.http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-iranian-frontier-languages-and-the-influence-of-persian
- An Overview of Linguistic Structures in Torwali, A Language of Northern PakistanLunsford, Wayne A. An Overview of Linguistic Structures in Torwali, A Language of Northern Pakistan. Master thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2001.www.fli-online.org/documents/.../torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
- Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in PakistanTariq Rahman. 2006. "Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan." In Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology, edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin. 73-106. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Early Writing in Torwali in Pakistanhttps://www.routledge.com/Teaching-Writing-to-Children-in-Indigenous-Languages-Instructional-Practices/Sherris-Peyton/p/book/9781351049672
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