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!Xun

Also Known As

Ju; !Xun (Ekoka); Kung-Ekoka; !Kung; Ekoka-!Xû; Kung; !Ku; !Xu; !Hu; Qxü !Khung; !Xung; Ekoka;

Classification

Kx'a

Orthography

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Language code (ISO 639-3)

knw

Variants & Dialects

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14,000-18,000

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Language Information By Source

The twelve modern Khoisan languages
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The twelve modern Khoisan languages
"Community-Based Digital Documentation of Ju|'hoan (ktz) and =X'ao-||'aen (aue): Audio, Video and Text Archives of Language and Culture Diversity" H
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia
The World Atlas of Language Structures
Vulnerable

Native Speakers Worldwide

14,000-18,000

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

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Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"Namibia 9000 [speakers]; Botswana 2000; RSA 3700; Angola 1000 [...] for most areas the numbers of speakers of the !Xun dialect cluster are still preliminary guesses. The main problem with figures for !Xun speakers is the lack of demographic and linguistic surveys in Angola. Furthermore, most !Xun live scattered on farms, a setting which doesn’t allow for an easy collection of reliable data on language use patterns."

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

Angola, Namibia, South Africa

Coordinates

-28.74358,23.983154; -17.560247, 18.050537; -19.621892, 20.253296; -21.749296, 19.896240

Location description

"!Xun from Angola now live west of Kimberley in Platfontein (with few still in Schmidtsdrift)... Many of the approximately 1,300 !Xun speakers (Kofi Ayisa, p.c.) living in the border area of northern Namibia are immigrants from Angola. Up to 400 of them live in resettlement schemes, i.e. Ekoka (185), Onamatadiva (132), Oshana-Shiwa (85), and Eendobe (62)."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"!Xun from Angola now live west of Kimberley in Platfontein (with few still in Schmidtsdrift)... Many of the approximately 1,300 !Xun speakers (Kofi Ayisa, p.c.) living in the border area of northern Namibia are immigrants from Angola. Up to 400 of them live in resettlement schemes, i.e. Ekoka (185), Onamatadiva (132), Oshana-Shiwa (85), and Eendobe (62)."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

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Domains of other languages

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More on context

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Threatened

Native Speakers Worldwide

4,000 (ǂKx'au||'ein variety only)

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

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Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

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Elder Speakers

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Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

Omaheke Region; Namibia

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"[ǂKx'au||'ein variety spoken in] Epukiro/Gobabis and Omaheke Region."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

"[ǂKx'au||'ein variety spoken in] Epukiro/Gobabis and Omaheke Region."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Threatened

Native Speakers Worldwide

6,900

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

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More about speakers

1,760 in Namibia (2000). Population total all countries: 6,900.

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

Namibia, Angola, South Africa

Coordinates

No data

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

25000-30000

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"Barnard (1992, p32) estimates the !Kung population to be approximately 25,000 to 30,000 people."

Year of info

1998

Location and Context

Countries

Angola; Namibia; Botswana

Coordinates

No data

Location description

Southeastern Angola, northeastern Namibia and northwestern Botswana

Government support

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Institutional support

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Speakers' attitudes

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Standard orthography

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Script (Writing system)

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Other writing systems

Southeastern Angola, northeastern Namibia and northwestern Botswana

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

No data

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2005

Location and Context

Countries

No data

Coordinates

-19.6666666667,18.0

Location description

No data

Government support

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Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

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  1. Location and motion in !Xun (Namibia)
    König, Christa and Bernd Heine. 2003. "Location and Motion in !Xun (Namibia)." In Motion, direction and location in languages: in honor of Zygmunt Frajzyngier, edited by Erin Shay and Uwe Seibert. 129-150. John Benjamins Publ.
  2. A Preliminary Study on the Trung Language of Kung Shan
    Ch'ang-p'ei, Lo. 1945. "A Preliminary Study On the Trung Language of Kung Shan." In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 8 , no. 3/4: 343-348.
  3. Die !Kung-Buschleute
    Wilhelm, J. H. 1953. "Die !Kung-Buschleute." In Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde, 12: 91-189.
  4. Phonology of the !Xũ Dialect spoken in Ovamboland and Western Kavango
    Heikkinen, Terttu. 1986. "Phonology of the !Xũ Dialect Spoken in Ovamboland and Western Kavango." In South African Journal of African Languages, 6 , no. 1: 18-28.
  5. Areas of Grammaticalization and Geographical Typology
    Bernd Heine. 2011. "Areas of Grammaticalization and Geographical Typology." In Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas: With Special Reference to Africa, edited by Osamu Hieda et al. 41-66. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  6. Khoisan Traces in Kavango Languages
    Karsten Legère. 1998. "Khoisan Traces in Kavango Languages." In Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan, edited by Mathias Schladt. 15: 193-215. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
  7. Grammatical hybrids: between serialization, compounding and derivation in !Xun (North Khoisan)
    Heine, Bernd and Christa König. 2005. "Grammatical Hybrids: Between Serialization, Compounding and Derivation in !Xun (North Khoisan)." In Morphology and its demarcations: selected papers from the 11th morphology meeting, Vienna, February 2004, edited by Wolfgang U. Dressler et al.. John Benjamins Publ.
  8. An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language
    Snyman, Jannie W. 1970. "An Introduction To the !Xũ (!Kung) Language." Department of African Languages, School of African Studies, University of Cape Town.
  9. Verb extensions in !Xun (W2 dialect)
    König, Christa and Bernd Heine. 2004. "Verb Extensions in !Xun (W2 Dialect)." In Annual publication in African linguistics (APAL), 2: (?).
  10. !Xun as a type B language
    Heine, Bernd and Christa König. 2004. "!Xun As a Type B Language." In Globalisation and African languages: risks and benefits (Festschrift Karsten Legère), edited by Katrin Bromber and Birgit Smieja. 263-277. Mouton de Gruyter.
  11. An outline grammar of the !Xû language spoken in Ovamboland and West Kavango
    Heikkinen, Terttu. 1987. "An Outline Grammar of the !Xû Language Spoken in Ovamboland and West Kavango." In South African journal of African languages, 7, suppl. 1: 1ff.
  12. Outline of the phonology of the !Xû dialect spoken in Ovamboland and western Kavango
    Heikkinen, Terttu. 1986. "Outline of the Phonology of the !Xû Dialect Spoken in Ovamboland and Western Kavango." In South African journal of African languages, 6 , no. 1: 18-28.
  13. The !Xun of Ekoka: a demographic and linguistic report
    König, Christa and Bernd Heine. 2001. "The !Xun of Ekoka: a Demographic and Linguistic Report." xi, 192. Arid Climate, Adaption and Cultural Innovation in Africa (ACACIA), Univ. of Cologne.
  14. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  15. "Community-Based Digital Documentation of Ju|'hoan (ktz) and =X'ao-||'aen (aue): Audio, Video and Text Archives of Language and Culture Diversity" HRELP Abstract
    Megan Biesele. 2011. ""Community-Based Digital Documentation of Ju|'hoan (ktz) and =X'ao-||'aen (aue): Audio, Video and Text Archives of Language and Culture Diversity" HRELP Abstract." Online: http://www.hrelp.org/grants/projects/index.php?projid=290.
    http://www.hrelp.org/grants/projects/index.php?projid=290
  16. The kin terminology system of the !Kung Bushmen
    Marshall, Lorna. 1957. "The Kin Terminology System of the !Kung Bushmen." In Africa, 27 , no. 1: 1-25.
  17. !Kung kin terms: the name relationship and the process of discovery
    Lee, Richard B. 1986. "!Kung Kin Terms: the Name Relationship and the Process of Discovery." In The past and future of !Kung ethnography (Festschrift Lorna Marshall), edited by Megan Biesele et al.. 77-102. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  18. !Xu grammar
    Heikkinen, Terttu. 19xx. "!Xu Grammar."
  19. Why anthropologists need linguistics: the case of the !Kung
    Dickens, Patrick John. 1995. "Why Anthropologists Need Linguistics: the Case of the !Kung." In African studies, 54 , no. 1: 17-35.
  20. The past and future of !Kung ethnography: critical reflections and symbolic perspectives. Essays in honour of Lorna Marshall
    Biesele, Megan [Marguerite] [Anne], Robert James Gordon and Richard B. Lee. 1986. "The Past and Future of !Kung Ethnography: Critical Reflections and Symbolic Perspectives. Essays in Honour of Lorna Marshall." Helmut Buske Verlag.
  21. An ethnobotanical study of !Kung
    Biesele, Megan [Marguerite] [Anne]. 1983. "An Ethnobotanical Study of !Kung." In Khoisan Special Interest Group: newsletter, 1: 7-8.
  22. Sapience and scarce resources: communication systems of the !Kung and other foragers
    Biesele, Megan [Marguerite] [Anne]. 1978. "Sapience and Scarce Resources: Communication Systems of the !Kung and Other Foragers." In Informations sur les sciences sociales / Social science information, 17 , no. 6: 921-946.
  23. The twelve modern Khoisan languages
    Matthias Brenzinger. 2011. "The Twelve Modern Khoisan Languages." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics,
  24. The World Atlas of Language Structures
    2005. "The World Atlas of Language Structures." edited by Bernard Comrie et al. Oxford University Press.
  25. Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia
    Maho, Jouni F. 1998. Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan. x+222pp. (Survey of the linguistic typology and the sociolinguistics of the Namibian languages. Revision (heavy) of Maho (1993).)
  26. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/
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