Jalkunan
Dyala; Dyalanu; Jalkuna; Blé; Jelkuna; Jalakuna;
Niger-Congo; Mande; Western Mande
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bxl
Jula, Fulfulde, Samo, Senoufo, French
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Language Information By Source
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1000-1200
Nearly all speakers speak Jula. Significant numbers speak Fulfulde, Samo, or Senoufo. Very few speakers of French.
All L2 speakers are non-Jalkunan women who have intermarried into the tribe. There are about 200 ethnic Jalkunan in Côte d’Ivoire, but it is uncertain how many of them are speakers. (Personal fieldwork, 2012)
2012
Location and Context
Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire
10.577291, -5.355762
"Berthelette & Berthelette (2001): Province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora. Most speakers live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. Unconfirmed reports of speakers living in villages between Blédougou and the border of Côte d’Ivoire. Personal fieldwork (2012): Fewer than 10 elderly speakers in Sobara. Unconfirmed reports of upwards of 200 ethnic Jalkunan in Côte d’Ivoire. It is unknown how many of them are speakers."
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Mixed/positive
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"Berthelette & Berthelette (2001): Province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora. Most speakers live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. Unconfirmed reports of speakers living in villages between Blédougou and the border of Côte d’Ivoire. Personal fieldwork (2012): Fewer than 10 elderly speakers in Sobara. Unconfirmed reports of upwards of 200 ethnic Jalkunan in Côte d’Ivoire. It is unknown how many of them are speakers."
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Jula, Fulfulde, Samo, Senoufo, French
French and Jula are used in education.
"Personal fieldwork (2012): In the ten interviews I conducted, speakers reported highly positive attitudes towards the language. Yet this does not seem to be the full picture. One such interviewee eventually became my main informant. He said that he was very proud of his ethnicity and language and prouder still to be sharing his knowledge with a linguist. On one of our trips into the city, I found this same man lying about his ethnicity by telling others that he is Senoufo. When confronted, he admitted that he prefers not to mention his Jalkunan identity outside the village. At present, the prevalence of this behavior is unknown, but certainly it has made me think twice about any reports of positive feelings."
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1992
Location and Context
Burkina Faso
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"Village of Blé-dougou, west of Banfora, near the town of Sindou."
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"Village of Blé-dougou, west of Banfora, near the town of Sindou."
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800-1,000
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Data for the number of native speakers and for the ethnic population comes from SIL (1995).
2009
Location and Context
Burkina Faso;
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Everyone under 40
"According to the Blé, there are approximately 500 speakers of Blé, and 300 Blé who speak Jula and Senoufo. "
2001
Location and Context
Burkina Faso
10.574560, -5.352453
"The Blé are located in the province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora (see figure 1.2.1). Most of the Blé live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. According to their traditions, their land area is quite large, extending southwest to the Côte d'Ivoire border. They report Blé living in the villages between Blédougou and the border, although we have not confirmed this."
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Positive
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"The Blé are located in the province of Leraba and in the department of Loumana, an area approximately 50 km west of Banfora (see figure 1.2.1). Most of the Blé live in Blédougou and Sobara, though the Blé of Sobara shifted to using Senoufo as their language. According to their traditions, their land area is quite large, extending southwest to the Côte d'Ivoire border. They report Blé living in the villages between Blédougou and the border, although we have not confirmed this."
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Jula, French, Natioro, Noumou, Tyurama, Senoufo, Cerma
School, market, government, with neighboring ethnic groups
"Many of the Blé young people enroll in the school, and as a result, a number of teenage and older Blé are literate in Jula. Those enrolled in the CFJA [local school] are also taught very basic French... Jula is the language used at the market and with many neighbors... The Blé assert that some people of other ethnic groups learn Blé, and that the Blé learn other neighboring languages, in particular Natioro and Noumou. They also mentioned that some Blé speak Tyurama, Senoufo, and Cerma. However, they state that they prefer to communicate with their neighbors in Jula... Blé youth in particular (ages 12–25) show a level in Jula comparable to that of mother tongue speakers... The attitude of the Blé towards their language seems to be two-sided. On the one hand, Blé adults are proud of their language and do not want to see it die out... On the other hand... they seem proud of the fact that everyone under age 40 is literate in Jula."
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- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
- World Oral Literature Project"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.http://www.oralliterature.org
- Sociolinguistic survey report for the Blé languageCarol Berthelette and John Berthelette. 2001. "Sociolinguistic Survey Report For the Blé Language." 23. SIL International. Online: http://www.sil.org/silesr/2001/001/Ble.pdf.http://www.sil.org/silesr/2001/001/Ble.pdf
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