Nicaragua Creole English
Mískito Coast Creole English; Miskito Coast Creole (MCC), Nicaraguan Creole English
Pidgin or Creole; English based
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Spanish; English; Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante; Miskito; Rama; Arawakan
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Nicaraguan Creole English is spoken as a first language by 35,000 to 50,000 ethnic Creoles, the Rama, Nicaraguan Garifuna, and some Miskito, and as an L2 by other Miskitos and some Mestizos.
2013
Location and Context
Autonomous Regions of the Atlantic Coast, Nicaragua; Nicaragua; USA
12.010778,-83.771836
Speakers themselves identify at least the variants of Bluefields, the Corn Islands, Pearl Lagoon, Rama Cay, Orinoco, and Bilwi. There are also Creole speakers in Bonanza, La Rosita, Siuna, and some other smaller settlements as well as in Managua and on the Pacific coast of the country in general.
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Speakers themselves identify at least the variants of Bluefields, the Corn Islands, Pearl Lagoon, Rama Cay, Orinoco, and Bilwi. There are also Creole speakers in Bonanza, La Rosita, Siuna, and some other smaller settlements as well as in Managua and on the Pacific coast of the country in general.
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Spanish; English; Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante; Miskito; Rama; Arawakan
School (Spanish)
"Creole English is used to an increasing degree in the churches (Decker & Keener 1998) and in bilingual education programs...virtually all reading is done in Spanish" (Bartens 2013:116).
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"625 Rama Cay Creole speakers (Holm 1989)." Data for the number of native speakers comes from Carrier Pidgin (1986).
2009
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- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- World Oral Literature Project"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.http://www.oralliterature.org
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
- Nicaraguan Creole EnglishAngela Bartens. 2013. "Nicaraguan Creole English." In The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages, edited by Susanne Maria Michaelis et al. 1: 115-126. Oxford University Press. Online: http://tinyurl.com/NicaraguanCreoleEnglish.http://tinyurl.com/NicaraguanCreoleEnglish
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