Kalasha
Kalasa; Kalashamon; Kalash; Dardu
Indo-European; Indo-Iranian; Indo-Aryan; Northwestern Zone
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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भाषक संख्या कल
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Language Information By Source
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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2006
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Pakistan
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"Kalash Valleys (Chitral) southern"
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"Kalash Valleys (Chitral) southern"
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2010
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35.6684,71.7201
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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1994
Location and Context
Pakistan; India
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part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
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part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas along the Kabul river and its tributaries in the mountain region that encompasses northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India
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The central subgroup is further subdivided into northern and southern groupings. The northern grouping includes Khowar (or Chitrali, Chitrari, Chatrori, Arniya) and Kalasha in the Chitral region. The southern grouping includes Tirahi, Gawar (or Gawar-bati, lit., “language of the Gawar people”), Katarkalai (or Wotapuri, referring to another dialect), Shumashti, Glangali (closely related Ningalami, reported in the literature but apparently no longer extant), and Pashai, a large group of extremely divergent dialects or closely related languages, in the southern part of Nūrestān and adjacent areas.
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2003
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Pakistan
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Southern Chitral
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Southern Chitral
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Khowar; Kativiri
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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2009
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Pakistan
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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35.646853, 71.663297
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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almost all
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2006
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Persian; Urdu; Khowar
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Since Urdu became the national language of Pakistan in 1947 and increasingly functions as the country’s lingua franca, it has replaced Persian as a compulsory language in the curriculum. From the 1980s the presence of Persian in the educational system became negligible. Despite this, a significant influx of additional Perso-Arabic words has entered the lexicons of all the languages of Pakistan through Urdu.
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2012
Location and Context
Pakistan
35.645250, 71.705167;35.492167, 71.701483
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2005
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35.0,72.0
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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Media Resources
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- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
- World Oral Literature Project"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.http://www.oralliterature.org
- Atlas of the World’s Languages in DangerMoseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
- Glottolog"Glottolog." Online: http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/.http://www.glottolog.org/glottolog/
- Dardestān ii. LanguageD.I. Edel'man. 1994. "Dardestān Ii. Language." In Encyclopedia Iranica, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i.http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-#i
- Indo-iranian Frontier LanguagesElena Bashir. 2006. "Indo-iranian Frontier Languages." In Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, Online: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-iranian-frontier-languages-and-the-influence-of-persian.http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-iranian-frontier-languages-and-the-influence-of-persian
- Local case-marking in KalashaPetersen, Jan Heegård. Local Case-marking in Kalasha. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen, 2006.http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:405224:5
- Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in PakistanTariq Rahman. 2006. "Language Policy, Multilingualism and Language Vitality in Pakistan." In Lesser-known languages of South Asia: status and policies, case studies and applications of information technology, edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin. 73-106. Mouton de Gruyter.
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