Naro
Nharo; Naron; /Ai San; Nharon; Nhauru; Nhaurun; ||Aikwe; |Aikwe; ||Ai||en; ||Aisan; ||Ai||e; Qoo; Gaa; Ts'ao
Khoe; Kalahari
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Naro Language Project
Language Information By Source
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Several thousand
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"Naro is spoken by roughly 10000 Naro as their first, and by about the same number of people as their second language."
2011
Location and Context
Botswana; Namibia
-21.677848, 21.717224
"The majority of Naro speakers work on commercial farms in the Ghanzi area. However, there are still some Naro villages, such as East- and West-Hanahai with 300 inhabitants each, and D’Kar with 1000 Naro inhabitants. About 1000 Naro speakers live in the bordering area in Namibia."
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Kuru Development Trust
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Yes
"The majority of Naro speakers work on commercial farms in the Ghanzi area. However, there are still some Naro villages, such as East- and West-Hanahai with 300 inhabitants each, and D’Kar with 1000 Naro inhabitants. About 1000 Naro speakers live in the bordering area in Namibia."
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"Hessel and Coby Visser supported the standardization of Naro and fostered literacy in this language. The language is an important feature of Naro identity and language loyalty among Naro might be the strongest of all Khoisan speaking communities. Naro is one of the dominant languages in the Ghanzi district and there is a certain level of standardization reached through decades of language work done by the Kuru Development Trust."
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6,000-8,000 speakers in Botswana
2000
Location and Context
Botswana, Namibia
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Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana; Namibia
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Used as medium of education in some preschools
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Ghanzi, Northwest, Botswana; Namibia
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!Xóõ, /Gwi, ≠Kx'au//'ein, Afrikaans, English, Goo, Herero, Kgalagari, Nama, Ts'ao, Tswana
With the chief, at the clinic, church, writing
"Some booklets are being published and some adults are being taught to read and write Naro… Naro is being used as a medium of education in some preschools in Ghanzi District." "Most of the people in the Ghanzi District speak two or more languages. More people said that they speak Tswana as a second language than any other language. "
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10,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook). Population total all countries: 14,000.
2009
Location and Context
Botswana, Namibia
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Ghanzi District, Ghanzi, Bere, Dekar, East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Kuke, New Kanagas, Tshobokwane, Makunda, Grootelaagte, Karakobis, Kanagas, Charles Hill, and commercial farms. Also in Namibia.
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Ghanzi District, Ghanzi, Bere, Dekar, East Hanahai, West Hanahai, Kuke, New Kanagas, Tshobokwane, Makunda, Grootelaagte, Karakobis, Kanagas, Charles Hill, and commercial farms. Also in Namibia.
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9,000
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"The name 'Naro' 'appears to hold no meaning other than being the specific designation for the language of this group.' (Guenther, 1986a, p 5) They use their language to differentiate themselves from other Bushmen."
1998
Location and Context
Eastern Namibia, western Ghanzi district of Botswana.
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"According to Guenther (1986a) there are 9,000 Naro, 5,000 in Botswana and 4,000 in Namibia. Barnard (1992:135) gives the more modest figure 'more than 6,000'. According to Visser (1994) there are closer to 6,000 than to 15,000 Naro in Botswana. Hasselbring's estimation is that there are 8,000 Naro in the Ghanzi district (Hasselbring 1996:7). Whichever figure is most correct, we can conclude that the Naro is one of the major Khoisan groups. They may constitute something like 10 per cent of the Khoisan speaking people in Botswana."
1997
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"The Naro live along the Ghanzi Ridge, a 100-150 km wide ridge of sedentary and volcanic formation which runs along the road from Sandfontein to Maun. In fact, the road was built along the ridge. The area is rich in water and has been the traditional area of the Naro."
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"The Naro live along the Ghanzi Ridge, a 100-150 km wide ridge of sedentary and volcanic formation which runs along the road from Sandfontein to Maun. In fact, the road was built along the ridge. The area is rich in water and has been the traditional area of the Naro."
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"It is probably not the case today that Naro attracts new speakers from other non-Khoisan groups, but among the Khoisan languages it is clear that Naro is one of the stronger languages. To some extent, Naro is used as a lingua franca among other Khoisan speakers in the Ghanzi area."
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2000
Location and Context
Botswana
-21.53317,21.934448
D'kar, Ghanzi District
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Dictionary, Bible translation, Kuru Development Trust, literacy classes and materials, Qauqaua book of folk tales
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Latin-based, rendering clicks with rarely-used Latin letters
D'kar, Ghanzi District
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about 9,000
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2007
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"Long-term language work by religious missions has created a strong sense of linguistic identity among the Naro."
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Setswana proficiency: 39.8%%; English: 25.4%%
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2000
Location and Context
Botswana
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Kuru Development Trust
Positive
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Setswana, English
Radio
"The [Kuru Development] Trust has managed, for several years, to empower the Naro people through literacy, education and texts in the Naro language. This has resulted in enhanced linguistic vitality and cultural pride."
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"Naro is stable"
2008
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1998
Location and Context
Botswana, Namibia
-23.308207,24.489684; -21.698744,21.630093; -21.693161,20.920286
Gantsi District, Botswana
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Gantsi District, Botswana
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2005
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-22.3333333333,20.5
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7,600-9,400
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2000
Location and Context
Botswana
-22.156446,21.88433
Ghanzi
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Positive
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Ghanzi
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To the chief, clinic workers
"Both Naro and Ju|'hoan have had language development efforts for over a decade. This may have resulted in more positive attitudes among the speakers of these languages."
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- Patterns of Linguistic Convergence in the Khoe-speaking Area of Southern AfricaRainer Vossen. 2011. "Patterns of Linguistic Convergence in the Khoe-speaking Area of Southern Africa." In Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas: With Special Reference to Africa, edited by Osamu Hieda et al. 189-200. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Linguistic Barriers as a Hindrance to Information Flow: The Case of BotswanaHerman M. Batibo and Naledi Mosaka. 2000. "Linguistic Barriers As a Hindrance To Information Flow: The Case of Botswana." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 95-104. Peter Lang.
- Ergebnisse einer Bereisung des Gebiets zwischen Okawango und Sambesi (Caprivi-Zipfel) in den Jahren 1905 und 1906Seiner, Franz. 1909. "Ergebnisse Einer Bereisung Des Gebiets Zwischen Okawango Und Sambesi (Caprivi-Zipfel) in Den Jahren 1905 Und 1906." In Mittheilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, 22: 1-111. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.
- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- Khoesan orthography revisited: advantages and disadvantages of using Roman letters for click symbolsVisser, Hessel. 2000. "Khoesan Orthography Revisited: Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Roman Letters For Click Symbols." In The state of Khoesan languages in Botswana, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Joseph Tsonope. 140-160. Tasalls Publ. & Books; Basarwa Languages Project, Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
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