ǂHoan
ǂHua; ǂHuan; ≠Hû; =|Hua; =|Hua-Owani; |Hua; |Hû; =|Hoan; =|Hoa; ǂHõã; ǂQhôã; ǂHua-Owani; ǂHoa; Eastern ǂHuan; ǂHũã;
Kx'a
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huc
Sekgalagadi, Setswana
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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भाषक संख्या कल
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Language Information By Source
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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All children
"The number of speakers melted from 400 in 2000 (Batibo 2000) to 120-140 (Hasselbring 2000:14) and to about 50 in 2009 (Batibo, p.c.). This decline is not the result of a rapid loss of speakers, but rather of lack of first-hand census figures."
2011
Location and Context
Botswana
-23.735069, 23.631592
Tshwane, in the central part of Botswana
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Tshwane, in the central part of Botswana
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Sekgalagadi, Setswana
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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2007
Location and Context
Khudumelapye; Salajwe; Tsia; Bodungwe; Botswana;
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2010
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-24.1668, 24.4885
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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Speaker number data from R. Cook(2004). "Decreasing."
2009
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Botswana;
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2007
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"Northwestern part of Botswana, near Khutse."
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"Northwestern part of Botswana, near Khutse."
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SheKgalaghari; Setswana
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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2008
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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2012
Location and Context
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-23.977469, 23.910370
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
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<50
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All
"The number of speakers does not amount to more than 50 who are mainly between 60 and 70 years old."
2011
Location and Context
Botswana
-24.060023, 23.301560; -23.982802, 23.899675; -23.733498, 24.590441; -23.878146, 23.669774;
"Today ǂHoan speakers are mainly found in the Kweneng District, in particular in the area adjacent to Kang, the regional centre. The villages and settlements are located along a quite recently reconstructed and now tarred road connecting the Trans Kalahari Highway and Letlhakeng. Speakers were found in the following villages along this road: Motokwe, Khekenye, Tswaane, and Dutlwe (cf. Map 2). Three more speakers were found in the villages of Mathibatsela and Salajwe. In the latter village there are supposedly some more speakers that were absent when we visited in September 2010. Furthermore, we met some non-fluent speakers in Khudumelapye. In other villages around this area it is still known that this language existed but no more speakers can be found. We can, however, not exclude that there are some more speakers in other, even more remote areas that we were not able to visit or do not know of."
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Mixed/positive
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"Today ǂHoan speakers are mainly found in the Kweneng District, in particular in the area adjacent to Kang, the regional centre. The villages and settlements are located along a quite recently reconstructed and now tarred road connecting the Trans Kalahari Highway and Letlhakeng. Speakers were found in the following villages along this road: Motokwe, Khekenye, Tswaane, and Dutlwe (cf. Map 2). Three more speakers were found in the villages of Mathibatsela and Salajwe. In the latter village there are supposedly some more speakers that were absent when we visited in September 2010. Furthermore, we met some non-fluent speakers in Khudumelapye. In other villages around this area it is still known that this language existed but no more speakers can be found. We can, however, not exclude that there are some more speakers in other, even more remote areas that we were not able to visit or do not know of."
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Gǀui; Kgalagadi;
Shops, officials, doctors, church
"Most of the ǂHoan consultants are trilingual, i.e. they speak Gǀui (Khoe-Kwadi) and Kgalagadi (Bantu) fluently besides ǂHoan... all of them are able to understand Tswana to some extent, but almost none of the consultants are actively able to speak it.... We often observed that people try to hide their own or their children's 'Khoisan' origin, which indicates that they consider the 'Khoisan' languages of the area (i.e. ǂHoan, Gǀui and Taa) as not prestigious.... speakers of ǂHoan generally have a very positive attitude towards their mother tongue. However, since it is not rated positively in Botswana society to speak a Khoisan language, ǂHoan speakers decide not to speak their mother tongue to the younger generations, opting instead for the language of higher prestige, Kgalagadi."
अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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2005
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-25.5, 25.0
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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भाषक संख्या कल
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120-160
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"Researchers had great difficulty locating speakers of Deti and ǂHuã who were under 50 years of age."
2000
Location and Context
Botswana
-24.006326,23.990965
Kweneng
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Kweneng
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With and among children; to clinic workers
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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अस्खलित बोलणाऱ्यामूळ भाषकांची संख्या
वापर होत असलेले क्षेत्र
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Most
"Spoken by only between 120 and 200 people, mostly adults and old people... all the child-bearing age members of the community (21-45 years) speak only Shekgalagari."
2005
Location and Context
Botswana
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"Most of the ǂHua people are found in Tshwane and Dutlwe villages in the Kweneng District of Botswana, about 150 kilometers west of Molepolole."
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Mixed
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"Most of the ǂHua people are found in Tshwane and Dutlwe villages in the Kweneng District of Botswana, about 150 kilometers west of Molepolole."
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Shekgalagari, Setswana, ǂGana, Afrikaans
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"Given the social status and economic privileges associated with Shekgalagari, the areally dominant language, and Setswana, the national language, most ǂHua communities became bilingual, and even trilingual in the three languages, namely ǂHua, Shekgalagari and Setswana. Some individuals also became acquainted with other languages such as ǂGana (Khutle), which extends into the area, and some picked up Afrikaans from South Africa or the Afrikaner farms in the Ghanzi district."
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- Hoan"Hoan." Online: http://celaeno.phonetics.cornell.edu/khoisan/hoan/hoansyntax.htm.http://celaeno.phonetics.cornell.edu/khoisan/hoan/hoansyntax.htm
- ǂHua: a critically endangered Khoesan language in the Kweneng District of BotswanaHerman M. Batibo. 2005. "ǂHua: a Critically Endangered Khoesan Language in the Kweneng District of Botswana." In Creating Outsiders: Endangered Languages, Migration and Marginalisation: Proceedings of the Ninth FEL Conference, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 18-20 November 2005, edited by Nigel Crawhall and Nicholas Ostler. 87-93. Foundation for Endangered Languages.
- The sociolinguistic situation of ǂHoan, a moribund 'Khoisan' language of BotswanaLinda Gerlach and Falko Berthold. 2011. "The Sociolinguistic Situation of ǂHoan, a Moribund 'Khoisan' Language of Botswana." In Afrikanistik Online, 2011: Online: http://www.afrikanistik-online.de/archiv/2011/3164.http://www.afrikanistik-online.de/archiv/2011/3164
- Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
- World Oral Literature Project"World Oral Literature Project." Online: http://www.oralliterature.org.http://www.oralliterature.org
- Atlas of the World’s Languages in DangerMoseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. (03 June, 2011.)http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)http://www.ethnologue.com/
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