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Tshwa

Also Known As

Cuaa; Cua; Hiechware; Chware; Tsoa; Sarwa; Shua; Sesarwa; Haitshuari; Hietshware; Hiotshuwau; Hiochuwau; Tshuwau; Chuwau; Gabake-Ntshori; G||abake; Masarwa; Tati; Tati Bushman; Kwe-Etshori Kwee; Kwe; Kwe-Tshori; Haitshuwau; G//abake; Kwee; Tshoa; Cire-cire;

Classification

Khoe; Kalahari

Orthography

No data

Language code (ISO 639-3)

hio

Variants & Dialects

No data

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Overview
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Threatened

Native Speakers Worldwide

4,100 (Shua and Tshwa combined)

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

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Language Information By Source

The twelve modern Khoisan languages
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The twelve modern Khoisan languages
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
The Socio-linguistic Survey of the Eastern Khoe in the Boteti and Makgadikgadi Pans Areas of Botswana
Threatened

Native Speakers Worldwide

4,100 (Shua and Tshwa combined)

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

"The figures underlying the map on Shua-Tshwa are based on surveys conducted in 2008 by Andy Chebanne (p.c.). According to his observations, many of the Shua-Tshwa people have abandoned their language. While older sources still assume 15000 - 20000 speakers (Anderson & Janson 1997:138) for this dialect cluster, Chebanne (Chebanne, p.c.) counted 4100 only."

Year of info

2011

Location and Context

Countries

Eastern Botswana

Coordinates

-22.603869, 26.828613

Location description

No data

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

No data

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Threatened

Native Speakers Worldwide

6,540

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

3,000 in Botswana (2006).

Year of info

2009

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana; Zimbabwe

Coordinates

No data

Location description

"Botswana: Central District, especially Mahalapye, Serowe subdistricts; Northeast District."

Government support

No data

Institutional support

No data

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

"Botswana: Central District, especially Mahalapye, Serowe subdistricts; Northeast District."

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

No data

Domains of other languages

No data

More on context

No data

Critically Endangered

Native Speakers Worldwide

No data

Domains of Use

No data

Speaker Number Trends

No data

Transmission

No data

Speakers

Second-language speakers and learners

No data

Semi-speakers

No data

Child speakers

No data

Young adult speakers

No data

Older adult speakers

No data

Elder Speakers

No data

Ethnic Population

No data

Non-monolingual speakers

No data

More about speakers

No data

Year of info

2000

Location and Context

Countries

Botswana

Coordinates

-21.135745,25.958977

Location description

Boteti, Makgadikgadi Salt Pans

Government support

None

Institutional support

None

Speakers' attitudes

No data

Standard orthography

No data

Script (Writing system)

No data

Other writing systems

Boteti, Makgadikgadi Salt Pans

More on writing systems

No data

Other languages used

Setswana, English, other Khoe languages

Domains of other languages

Education (Setswana)

More on context

No data

Media Resources

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  1. Languages in Botswana: Language Ecology in Southern Africa
    Andersson, Lars-Gunnar and Tore Janson. 1997. "Languages in Botswana: Language Ecology in Southern Africa." Longman Botswana.
  2. The Central Group of Click Languages of the Kalahari
    Maingard, L. F. 1961. "The Central Group of Click Languages of the Kalahari." In African Studies, 20 , no. 3: 114-122, 194.
  3. A Comparative Study of Naron, Hietshware and Korana
    Maingard, L. F. 1963. "A Comparative Study of Naron, Hietshware and Korana." In African Studies, 22 , no. 3: 97-108.
  4. The first spread of food production to Southern Africa
    Ehret, C. 1982. "The First Spread of Food Production To Southern Africa." In The Archeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History, edited by C. Ehret and M. Posnansky. 158-181. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  5. The Tati Bushmen (Masarwas) and their Language
    Dornan, Samuel Shaw. 1917. "The Tati Bushmen (Masarwas) and Their Language." In The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 47: 37-112.
  6. The Masarwas and their Language
    Dornan, Samuel Shaw. 1911. "The Masarwas and Their Language." In South African Journal of Science, 1911: 218-225.
  7. Die Buschmänner der Kalahari
    Passarge, S. 1907. "Die Buschmänner Der Kalahari." Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen).
  8. Shifting identities in Eastern Khoe: ethnic and language endangerment
    Chebanne, A.M. 2002. "Shifting Identities in Eastern Khoe: Ethnic and Language Endangerment." In Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 16 , no. 2: 147-157.
  9. A Bushman Dictionary
    Bleek, D. F. 1956. "A Bushman Dictionary." 41: New Haven: American Oriental Society.
  10. Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled by research teams at University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute for Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) at Eastern Michigan University
    2012. "Endangered Languages Catalogue Project. Compiled By Research Teams At University of Hawai'i Mānoa and Institute For Language Information and Technology (LINGUIST List) At Eastern Michigan University."
  11. The Socio-linguistic Survey of the Eastern Khoe in the Boteti and Makgadikgadi Pans Areas of Botswana
    Andy Chebanne and Moemedi Nthapelelang. 2000. "The Socio-linguistic Survey of the Eastern Khoe in the Boteti and Makgadikgadi Pans Areas of Botswana." In Botswana: the Future of the Minority Languages, edited by Herman M. Batibo and Birgit Smieja. 40: 79-94. Peter Lang.
  12. Hunter-gatherers of the northern Kalahari
    Elizabeth Ann Cashdan. 1986. "Hunter-gatherers of the Northern Kalahari." In Contemporary studies on Khoisan: in honour of Oswin Köhler on the occasion of his 75th birthday, edited by Rainer Vossen and Klaus Keuthmann. v. 1: 145-180. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  13. A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana
    Sue Hasselbring, Thabiso Segatlhe and Julie Munch. 2001. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 2: 1-196. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.
  14. A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana
    Sue Hasselbring. 2000. "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Languages of Botswana." v. 1: 1-142. Basarwa Languages Project, Collaborative Basarwa Research Programme of the Univ. of Botswana & Univ. of Tromsø.
  15. The fate of the Khoesan Languages of Botswana
    Herman M. Batibo. 1998. "The Fate of the Khoesan Languages of Botswana." In Endangered Languages in Africa, edited by Matthias Brenzinger. 267-284. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  16. The Phonological System of the Cuaa Language
    Chebanne, A. M. 2000. "The Phonological System of the Cuaa Language." In The State of Khoesan Languages in Botswana, edited by Herman M. Batibo and J. Tsonope. 18-32. Mogoditshane, Botswana: Basarwa Languages Project, University of Botswana/University of Tromsø, Tasalls Publishing and Books.
  17. The twelve modern Khoisan languages
    Matthias Brenzinger. 2011. "The Twelve Modern Khoisan Languages." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Khoisan Languages and Linguistics,
  18. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
    Lewis, M. Paul (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16 edn. http://www.ethnologue.com/home.asp. (15 February, 2011.)
    http://www.ethnologue.com/
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